{"componentChunkName":"component---node-modules-narative-gatsby-theme-novela-src-templates-articles-template-tsx","path":"/page/3","result":{"pageContext":{"authors":[{"authorsPage":true,"bio":"Hey! I’m an aspiring protein engineer, who's actively looking for ways to uplift marginalized communities everywhere. I am a rising junior at MIT, majoring in Biological Engineering and minoring in Black Studies, and am looking forward to working in the Civic Data Design Lab this summer! So far, I have been analyzing and visualizing data reports on racial and ethnic data tied to COVID-19 test results and related deaths. In this project, I’m hoping to explain the confusing (and not so surprising) trends in the data and shed light on the reasons why discrepancies exist between states when reporting race in COVID-19 tests and deaths. Why is there missing data here, and what does this tell us? About testing strategies? About practicality? About policy?  I am passionate about understanding how policy decisions drive economic and social change. As an avid creative, I love to model and write poetry, and I play varsity baseball at MIT.","id":"f542d3ea-8f8f-58ea-8d10-cb0bf7b9a4cd","name":"Brian 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In my last semester, I took my first urban planning class, 11.158 Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation, which has catalyzed a newfound fascination for all things behaviorally irrational (yet undeniably human) and excessively complicated. During this time, I became engaged to NUMTOT in a whirlwind romance, which helped me expose the inequitable safety misperceptions of shared micromobility.  Today, I fulfill my insatiable hunger for urban planning through mouthwatering memes, palatable PDF readings from classes I will never take, and spicy opportunities like the Missing Data Project. My first project investigates contradictory policies on the county, state, and national levels, specifically in the realm of everyday COVID-19 public safety practices. Just like my “missing” data sources, I thrive in ambiguity.","id":"d5001f7f-7b91-588b-9929-971c46ea1db3","name":"Amy 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Before DUSP, Chenab worked in community-engaged population health research at the University of Chicago. She is interested in how data can be used to plan with and for communities, and in exploring questions of data use and governance in cities. Chenab received her Bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago in Philosophy and Biology.","id":"44ba51d2-8607-5ec4-bc94-defb11e668fc","name":"Chenab 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She also is Director of the Civic Data Design Lab at MIT's School of Architecture and Planning. The Civic Data Design Lab works with data, maps, and mobile technologies to develop interactive design and communication strategies that expose urban policy issues to broader audiences.  Trained as a Geographer (Clark University), Landscape Architect (University of Pennsylvania), and Urban Planner (MIT), Williams's work combines geographic analysis and design. Williams is most well known for her work as part of the Million Dollar Blocks team which highlighted the cost of incarceration, Digital Matatus which developed the first data set on a informal transit system searchable in Google Maps, and a more a recent project that uses social media data to understand housing vacancy and Ghost Cities in China.  Her design work has been widely exhibited including work in the Guggenheim, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York City. Before coming to MIT, Williams was Co-Director of the Spatial Information Design Lab at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation (GSAPP). Williams has won numerous awards including being named top 25 planners in the technology and 2012 Game Changer by Metropolis Magazine. Her work is currently on view in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and the Seoul Biennale Cities Exhibition in Korea.","id":"f6ba70a7-e984-5521-97b3-c279b2c9fd15","name":"Sarah 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and Planning. At MIT, she is researching the use of history and historic buildings in large-scale urban developments and hopes to write her thesis on the topic. She enjoys reading critical cartographic and psychogeographic theory, and in her spare time makes maps in this tradition.  Before MIT, Tess worked at Pentagram Design as a project manager and strategist. She had the pleasure of working with the Brearley Communications, Admissions, and Development Departments on the new admissions and capital campaign materials in 2016 and 2017. In addition to working with Brearley, she oversaw the development of logos and other design assets for Yale University (her other alma mater), Mastercard, the American Museum of Natural History, the Poetry Foundation, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Central Park Conservancy.  Tess graduated with honors from Yale, where she holds a bachelor’s degree in history, with a specific focus on 19th Century German militarism. Her thesis was a historiographical biography of the German general Helmuth von Moltke, and included original translations of official German records that are held in the Yale libraries. In 2014, she won the Acheson Prize, Yale’s top award for written academic work for her essay, 'The Historiography of Postwar and Contemporary Histories of the Outbreak of World War I'. 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brings both deep and broad impacts worldwide, calling for all research efforts to tackle the uncertainty and…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"Unpacking COVID-19 publication research themes and urban indications (Part I)\",\n  \"author\": \"Yuan Lai\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-06-19T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Data\", \"Visualization\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/dashboard.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic brings both deep and broad impacts worldwide, calling for all research efforts to tackle the uncertainty and urgency involving the novel virus. With unknown pathogens, epidemiological characteristics, and transmission patterns, the new virus (SARS-CoV-2) inevitably brings inconsistency, discrepancies, and debates among the scientific community. Additionally, the rapid transmission speed and large scale of the infected population requires timely responses despite the above uncertainties.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"processing-covid-19-manuscripts-metadata\"\n  }, \"Processing COVID-19 manuscripts metadata\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On March 17th, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy launched a \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"COVID-19 AI OPEN Research Dataset Challenge\"), \" in a partnership with Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence (AI2), the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, Microsoft Research, Georgetown University\\u2019s Center for Security and Emerging Technology, and National Institutes of Health. Hosted on \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.kaggle.com/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Kaggle\"), \", an online community of data scientists and machine learning experts owned by Google, the published dataset contains more than 29,000 research articles (over 13,000 with full text) on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 clinical studies, public health response, population characteristics, and epidemiology. Each publication has been parsed into separate JSON files with its metadata, authors\\u2019 information, abstract, and full manuscript.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"One core challenge is the utilization of data science and machine learning for better collection, organization, and audition of surging manuscripts. This data exploration aims to unpack the domains and progression of COVID-19 related studies by unpacking currently available research publications. We adopt both quantitative and qualitative methods from computer science and urban planning with the goal of stimulating interdisciplinary discussion and research collaboration and supporting more inclusive approaches to address some immediate and long-term problems. We first summarize a retrospective overview of COVID-19 research challenges and progression in the data science community through this Kaggle challenge. Text analysis and visualization identify several key findings and critical factors that are highly relevant to COVID-19.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"quantifying-covid-19-research-thematic-structure\"\n  }, \"Quantifying COVID-19 research thematic structure\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This study proceeds in the following steps. First, we explore the entire collection of PDF-parsed datasets to understand the COVID-19 research landscape. To do this, we establish a pipeline to process these publications\\u2019 metadata and abstracts from an extensive collection of JSON files (n=47,731) in a Python environment. Each file includes key information such as the title, number of authors, authors\\u2019 origin (country), and a full text of the abstract, extracted from its associated research article. We further clean the abstract text data (e.g., removing the stop words, lemmatization, vectorization) to generate a descriptive summary of popular words (single word, bi-gram, and tri-gram), number of authors, and origin (by the first author\\u2019s country). Using \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_model\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"LDA topic modeling\"), \" techniques, we train a model with the processed texts to discover underlying topic groups and corresponding keywords.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"We expect to identify not only major research interests but also a small subset of publications that may relate to urban science through this exploratory analysis. To find the latter subset, we filter abstract texts based on a list of urban science-related vocabulary, such as \\u201Curban planning\\u201D, \\u201Cpublic health\\u201D, \\u201Cenvironment\\u201D, \\u201Csocial distancing\\u201D, \\u201Ctransportation\\u201D, \\u201Cmobility\\u201D, \\u201Chousing\\u201D, \\u201Ccommunity\\u201D, and \\u201Crace\\u201D. This process extracts a subset (n=3914) from all manuscripts to further identify publications that may relate to cities and urban science. Analyzing urban-related articles will provide more detailed insights into current research interests and key findings relevant to planning, policy, and operation in cities. Using topic modeling technique, we quantify each article\\u2019s thematic composition with four components:\"), mdx(\"ol\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, \"Epidemiological\"), \" research on infection prevention and control, including the effectiveness of different response strategies and public health measures, such as quarantine, community contact reduction, travel restriction, social distancing at school and workplaces, personal protective equipment (PPE), and public health digital surveillance. Popular terms representing this theme include\\u201Cpublic\\u201D, \\u201Coutbreak\\u201D, \\u201Cpandemic\\u201D, \\u201Csocial\\u201D, \\u201Cepidemic\\u201D, \\u201Cspread\\u201D, \\u201Cpopulation\\u201D, \\u201Ctransmission\\u201D, \\u201Cglobal\\u201D, \\u201Cdistancing\\u201D, \\u201Cresponse\\u201D, etc. We consider this is the most relevant theme for urban science.\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, \"Virological\"), \" research on SARS-CoV-2, including its genetic sequence, origin, evolution, and genomic differences by geography, transmission, incubation, mutation, and stability in various environments. This also includes material studies on viral shedding from humans (stool, urine, blood, nasal discharge), the persistence of virus on different surface material (e,g., copper, stainless steel, plastic), the virus\\u2019 susceptibility to cleaning or disinfecting agents, the physical science of the virus spread, and decontamination mechanics as well as virus transmission patterns involving seasonality, environment (e.g., humidity, temperature), community spread, and asymptomatic transmission during incubation. Popular terms representing this theme include\\u201Ccell\\u201D, \\u201Cprotein\\u201D, \\u201Cvirus\\u201D, \\u201Chost\\u201D, \\u201Cimmune\\u201D, \\u201Cintracellular\\u201D, \\u201Cgene\\u201D, \\u201Cantiviral\\u201D, \\u201Creplication\\u201D, etc.\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, \"Clinical\"), \" trials and medical evidence for therapeutic interventions including the efficacy of treatment, or diagnostic findings on infected patients and antibody testing. This also includes patient descriptions, virus incubation period, length of hospital stay, and asymptomatic likelihood. Studies regarding high-risk patient groups with a medical history and pre-existing conditions, such as hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, cardio and cerebrovascular diseases, respiratory diseases are included. Popular terms representing this theme include\\u201Csars\\u201D, \\u201Cinfluenza\\u201D, \\u201Cmers\\u201D, \\u201Cpatient\\u201D, \\u201Cacute\\u201D, \\u201Cclinical\\u201D, \\u201Cpathogen\\u201D, \\u201Csyndrome\\u201D, etc.\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, \"Others\"), \" represent miscellaneous themes besides the above three.\")), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    src: \"https://public.tableau.com/views/COVID-19OpenResearchViz/Dashboard1?:showVizHome=no&:embed=true\",\n    width: \"100%\",\n    height: \"600\",\n    allowFullScreen: true\n  }), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"visualizing-urban-related-manuscripts\"\n  }, \"Visualizing urban-related manuscripts\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://public.tableau.com/views/COVID-19OpenResearchViz/Dashboard1?:language=en&:display_count=y&:toolbar=n&:origin=viz_share_link\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"interactive dashboard\"), \" enables users to quickly browse urban-related manuscripts in different countries, sorted by relevance to epidemiology. In the next post, we will discuss two questions related to urban science:\"), mdx(\"ol\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"How do epidemiological research findings on virus transmission and community spread indicate the new norm of urban life?\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"How does social science contribute to COVID-19 research, especially when addressing unexpected conflicts and controversies involving socioeconomic equity, environmental justice, data ethics, and policy fairness?\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Since the beginning of the pandemic, we have witnessed \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://nationalpost.com/news/a-matter-of-trust-covid-19-pandemic-has-tested-public-confidence-in-science-like-never-before\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"debates and mistrust in science amid this pandemic\"), \", \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30249-7/fulltext\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"revealing injustice,\"), \" \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/04/21/838763690/opinion-u-s-must-avoid-building-racial-bias-into-covid-19-emergency-guidance\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"biases\"), \", and \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.thelancet.com/journals/langlo/article/PIIS2214-109X(20)30191-1/fulltext\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"uncertainty\"), \" in treatment, testing, policy, and public services. In MIT Course 11-6 (\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://urban-science.mit.edu/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Urban Science and Planning with Computer Science\"), \"), we believe in the importance of addressing broader social, environmental, and political challenges at an urban scale through both technology and planning methods. In Part II, we will further discuss how cities and urban science experts can integrate scientific insights with action and further contribute to collective research, as well as note the impact of potential missing data on under-represented population groups. We hope this data visualization can support researchers who are interested in cities and further connect scientific insights with local community actions.\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = true;","hero":{"full":{"base64":"data:image/png;base64,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","aspectRatio":1.7352941176470589,"src":"/static/0588e03c5c47c7e8fed63df5e468ee76/a1946/dashboard.png","srcSet":"/static/0588e03c5c47c7e8fed63df5e468ee76/5b37e/dashboard.png 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Region","author":"Griffin Kantz","date":"June 15th, 2020","dateForSEO":"2020-06-15T00:00:00.000Z","timeToRead":5,"excerpt":"When comparing how different regions have been impacted by the coronavirus over time, it is important to define a \"starting point\": an early…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"The Importance of the \\\"Starting Point\\\" in Tracking COVID by Region\",\n  \"author\": \"Griffin Kantz\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-06-15T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"excerpt\": \"\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Data\", \"Visualization\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/covid-19-critical-mass_graphic.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"When comparing how different regions have been impacted by the coronavirus over time, it is important to define a \\u201Cstarting point\\u201D: an early timepoint in the spread of the virus from which the timepoints of future observations can be measured. Although one may think that the natural place to start would be a region\\u2019s first recorded COVID case or the first COVID fatality, this can lead to improper or uninformative region-to-region comparisons. Testing at the beginning of a local COVID outbreak can be seriously unreliable, and the spread of the disease from the first handful of cases to the next is tied to the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e1.htm\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"idiosyncrasies of people\\u2019s daily behaviors\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In New York state, where COVID \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6922e1.htm?s_cid=mm6922e1_w\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"may have arrived more than one month before the first confirmed case\"), \" on March 1, 2020, confirmed fatalities soared from 1 death to nearly 500 in just two weeks. Conversely, the Norfolk-Newport News area of Virginia had still not witnessed ten deaths one month after its first. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"COVID metrics between different afflicted regions appear to begin behaving in a more predictable manner once the disease has reached a critical mass and begun spreading widely. COVID data analysts try to set the starting point for their measurements at some level where this critical mass has likely been reached and the initial random variation has dissipated.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Different modelers will choose different thresholds. The \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"em\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://ig.ft.com/coronavirus-chart/?areas=usa&areas=gbr&cumulative=0&logScale=1&perMillion=0&values=deaths\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Financial Times\")), \" measures new cases or deaths by country from the day 10 cases/day or 3 deaths/day was reached, and cumulative cases/deaths from the day of the 100th case or death. The \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://91-divoc.com/pages/covid-visualization/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"data visualization at 91-divoc.com\"), \" measures by nation from the day of the 100th case or the 10th death; for regions, it starts at 20 cases or 5 deaths.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"what-threshold-makes-the-most-sense\"\n  }, \"What threshold makes the most sense?\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In our analysis, we examined the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19/tree/master/csse_covid_19_data/csse_covid_19_time_series\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Johns Hopkins CSSE time series dataset\"), \" (up to 5/31/20) to determine how varying the choice of starting point affects the precision of forecasts. We chose to analyze counts of confirmed COVID fatalities, which are more reliable early-stage figures than confirmed COVID cases. (However, deaths always lag cases by up to two weeks.)\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"First, we grouped U.S. county-level COVID death counts into the top 100 most populous Census metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs), which adhere to county boundaries. By population, the largest of these is New York-Newark-Jersey City and the smallest is Chattanooga.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Next, we shifted the daily figures for the MSAs to synchronize the two weeks before and two weeks after the day \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" total deaths was reached, where \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" = 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"(Why these amounts? Contagions spread exponentially, and these numbers break the span from 1 to 2,000 into roughly equal logarithmic intervals. As of today, only three MSAs have reached 5,000 total deaths. And why two weeks? That is roughly the duration of a COVID infection.)\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"To determine the efficacy of each threshold of \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", we created regressions for the \\u201Cbefore\\u201D and \\u201Cafter\\u201D weeks, based on the linear formula and its exponential transformation shown below:\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1375px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"14.399999999999999%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAADCAYAAACTWi8uAAAACXBIWXMAAA7DAAAOwwHHb6hkAAAAaUlEQVQI12WOSwqAMAwF041oF/VXFcSVqAsP1d7/Fk4gBdHCMJS+vFSEk3MWc51SuvEFB+wwGBus9hahJeve8/Ipc9DARDDgQikMttBjb65e879CDZwK4RF3Wg4L9xkrvWWD/TiWjtLzABCJOGODeCV/AAAAAElFTkSuQmCC')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/c6ac1b1d9779498361dbb02cc978e5f5/0fffa/covid-19-critical-mass_equations.webp 1375w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1375px) 100vw, 1375px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/c6ac1b1d9779498361dbb02cc978e5f5/8ff9b/covid-19-critical-mass_equations.png 1375w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1375px) 100vw, 1375px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/c6ac1b1d9779498361dbb02cc978e5f5/8ff9b/covid-19-critical-mass_equations.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Equations: log(deaths) = alpha + beta*days + epsilon. Deaths = lambda*e^(beta*days) + epsilon, lambda = e^alpha.\",\n    \"title\": \"Equations: log(deaths) = alpha + beta*days + epsilon. Deaths = lambda*e^(beta*days) + epsilon, lambda = e^alpha.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"(Here,\"), \" \\u03B1 \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"and\"), \" \\u03B2 \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"are the y-intercept and slope of the regression and\"), \" \\u03B5 \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"is the residual error.)\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Below in Chart 1, see an interactive graph illustrating the data for \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" = 1 death (the day of the first recorded COVID death in each MSA).\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    width: \"500\",\n    height: \"400\",\n    frameBorder: \"0\",\n    scrolling: \"no\",\n    src: \"//plotly.com/~GriffinK/3.embed\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Chart 1. Rendered in R, ggplot2, and Plotly. Hover over points to see more information.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"When \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" = 1, the trajectories on the right (\", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"after\"), \") side of the graph diverge widely, signifying that this observation point occurs too early in the spread of the virus to meaningfully predict or compare trajectories. Additionally, for this and the next few values of \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", any data that would appear on the left (\", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \") side of the graph are inscrutable, since counts of zero deaths have an infinitesimal logarithmic value and must therefore be discarded.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"When moving to higher thresholds of \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", we are able to see the trajectories on the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"after\"), \" side begin to coalesce and the data on the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \" side start to grow. For the highest \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", few MSAs have yet reached those death counts, so the trajectories on both sides of the graph are much fewer in number. Here are selected values of \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", visualized:\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    width: \"500\",\n    height: \"400\",\n    frameBorder: \"0\",\n    scrolling: \"no\",\n    src: \"//plotly.com/~GriffinK/5.embed\"\n  }), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    width: \"500\",\n    height: \"400\",\n    frameBorder: \"0\",\n    scrolling: \"no\",\n    src: \"//plotly.com/~GriffinK/9.embed\"\n  }), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    width: \"500\",\n    height: \"400\",\n    frameBorder: \"0\",\n    scrolling: \"no\",\n    src: \"//plotly.com/~GriffinK/15.embed\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Charts 2-4. Rendered in R, ggplot2, and Plotly. Hover over points to see more information.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Across all these test values of \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", the mean square error (MSE) of the observations to the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \" and \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"after\"), \" regression lines is what attracts our attention, more so than the regressions themselves. The MSE allows us to understand how closely the trajectories coalesce around the regression line, and thus around each other. A low MSE implies that the observations fit well around the line, indicating better predictability. For the first few values of \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", the MSE is lower on the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \" side than on the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"after\"), \" side. For larger \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \", the opposite is true: the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"after\"), \" MSE is lower and the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \" MSE is higher.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"As \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" increases, the point at which the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"after\"), \" MSE becomes less than the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \" MSE is where the near future becomes more predictable than the near past. In our data, this point occurs just shy of \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" = 50, as visualized in the graph below:\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    width: \"500\",\n    height: \"300\",\n    frameBorder: \"0\",\n    scrolling: \"no\",\n    src: \"//plotly.com/~GriffinK/19.embed\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Chart 5. Mean square error for each value of\"), \" X\", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \".\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The data shown in this graphic imply that the fatality trajectories have lost most of their early-stage variability around the time of the 50th death. After reaching this threshold, the trajectories behave more consistently \\u2014 not totally in lockstep, in fact far from it, but more consistently than at any point before.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The widening difference between the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \" and \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"after\"), \" MSE curves beyond \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" = 50 indicates that 100, 200, or 500 might be even better thresholds, but we must bear in mind the passage of time. The higher we set \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" as the starting point, the more precision we gain in modeling the future, but the more data we are willingly discarding. We should not choose a starting point so late in the outbreak that we end up ignoring weeks of mid-phase growth in the fatality count for the sake of a more precise model.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The steep decline in both MSE curves at \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \" = 1,000 and 2,000 is an artifact of the rarity of those high death counts as of this month (June); data is simply too scarce for these \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"X\"), \". If more regions across the U.S. were suffering COVID fatality rates that severe, we could expect to see the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"before\"), \" MSE curve trend further and further upwards.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"what-we-can-learn\"\n  }, \"What we can learn\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This analysis shows how the growth in COVID fatalities in U.S. urban regions reaches a \\u201Ccritical mass\\u201D and loses its early-stage variability at some time around the 50th death. Graphing MSE shows that setting a higher starting point for measurements enables greater precision, but this comes with the price of discarding informative data.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This is an important finding for comparative analysis and future COVID time-series data visualizations. Yet, we must caution against overstating the rigor of this analysis. We are not epidemiologists and this is not a professional epidemiological study. We have regressed over the variable of time but not over variables of human behavior or system factors. Hopefully this analysis, albeit rough, can impart some mathematical basis to the assumptions underlying future analysis.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Download our data tables for this post \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://github.com/civic-data-design-lab/COVID-critical-mass\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"here\"), \".\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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}\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"Implications of Missing Data: Gaps in COVID-19 Data by Race & Ethnicity\",\n  \"author\": \"Chenab Navalkha\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-06-05T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Health\", \"Mapping\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/screen-shot-2020-05-22-at-10.08.27-am.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of collecting and reporting data on health outcomes by race and ethnicity in order to quantify the way in which the virus\\u2019s impacts fall along existing lines of health and structural inequity. Just this past week, the federal government \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/06/04/869815033/race-ethnicity-data-to-be-required-with-coronavirus-tests-in-u-s\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"announced\"), \" that it will require data on race and ethnicity to be collected for all COVID-19 tests.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The push for these data sits within a broader conversation about the importance of collecting racial data that has been ongoing among those working toward \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200507.469145/full/?utm_source%3DNewsletter%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3DEye%2BOn%2BHealth%2BReform%253A%2BRisk%2BCorridors%252C%2BCOVID-19%252C%2BAnd%2BThe%2BACA%253B%2BCOVID-19%253A%2BFederal%2BFunding%2BFor%2BContact%2BTracing%253B%2BMedicaid%2BMCOs%2BAnd%2BPayment%2BReform%253B%2BInequity%26utm_campaign%3DHAT%2B5-11-20%26&sa=D&ust=1590158619227000&usg=AFQjCNGo8Ae6MN6_8xi21Iua4cbQU62_Yg\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"health equity\"), \" and to mitigate the negative impacts of the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://patientengagementhit.com/news/social-determinants-of-health-comorbidities-sway-covid-19-severity&sa=D&ust=1590158619229000&usg=AFQjCNHUbDqYt4PiAPAbP4WYpvXRBwCHVg\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"\\u201Csocial determinants of health\\u201D\"), \" \\u2013 or the place-based conditions that impact the health of individuals and communities. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Over the last month or so, \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/stop-looking-away-race-covid-19-victims/609250/&sa=D&ust=1590158619231000&usg=AFQjCNGvZda446O1AMbKQ8ZIARTVGGXPNw\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"more\"), \" and more articles have been published discussing the disparate impact of COVID-19 on \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/rounds/racial-disparities-time-of-covid-19&sa=D&ust=1590158619228000&usg=AFQjCNHWT_KM3b_dszEG9VEUE-ItDnojJA\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"African American\"), \", \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/coronavirus-navajo-nation-crisis/2020/05/11/b2a35c4e-91fe-11ea-a0bc-4e9ad4866d21_story.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Indigenous\"), \", and \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/07/us/coronavirus-latinos-disparity.html&sa=D&ust=1590158619219000&usg=AFQjCNGB63MElzGWkmKzA6k6VgNhgCAgtA\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Latinx\"), \" people. These articles bring to light the ways in which existing inequities \\u2013 both in terms of access to resources and healthcare, and resulting from historic processes of discrimination such as \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.npr.org/2017/05/03/526655831/a-forgotten-history-of-how-the-u-s-government-segregated-america\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"redlining\"), \" \\u2013 are manifesting in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This burgeoning discussion also has brought into clear focus the inconsistencies in how data on race and ethnicity are collected and shared at the state level. Some states have robust data on COVID-19 testing results and death rates that include granular information by race and ethnicity and have made these data easily accessible to the public. Other states are lagging behind. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"One of the clear principles among those working to mitigate health disparities is the need to collect and report race and ethnicity data in order to understand differences in health outcomes before we can determine how to intervene in order to mitigate these inequities.  \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Our lab decided to look into how states have been collecting and sharing data on COVID-19 testing and deaths by race. \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://covidtracking.com/race&sa=D&ust=1590158619219000&usg=AFQjCNESMUbMb9qT-r1q-f8XRMbXnNj73g\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"The COVID Tracking Project\"), \" recently teamed up with the Antiracist Research & Policy Center to aggregate race data by state and to highlight where the gaps are. (Check out their regularly updated racial data tracker \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/u/1/d/e/2PACX-1vTfUQPxkhP_CRcGmnnpUBihnTNZ9Z8pcizII4_sc2o2n3opOoAJdAM4CRTJBI339tou8LWnQrqbTMgH/pubhtml%23&sa=D&ust=1590158619220000&usg=AFQjCNEYWrNViMBob1DzXPfjotH7ablwGA\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"here\"), \".)\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Using their data, we created these maps that show the percent of missing data on race and ethnicity among those who have tested positive for COVID-19, by state. The darker colors indicate states where the race and ethnicity of those who have tested positive for COVID-19 is least known.\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    id: \"carto\",\n    title: \"Carto Map\",\n    src: \"https://mit.carto.com/u/chenab/builder/760496a1-4886-40c3-be1c-73ae28cfb2b9/embed\",\n    width: \"100%\",\n    height: \"520\",\n    allow: \"\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"(Data pulled June 4, 2020 from \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"em\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://covidtracking.com/race\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"https://covidtracking.com/race\"), \")\")), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    id: \"carto-2\",\n    title: \"Carto Map Ethnicity\",\n    src: \"https://mit.carto.com/u/chenab/builder/03122e0c-35fb-4950-be0c-00af2281175c/embed\",\n    width: \"100%\",\n    height: \"520\",\n    allow: \"\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"(Data pulled June 4, 2020 from \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"em\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://covidtracking.com/race\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"https://covidtracking.com/race\"), \")\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"It\\u2019s important to note, though, that even where testing data and outcomes are reported by race and ethnicity, an outstanding question remains of who is and isn\\u2019t being tested. Even the most \\u201Ccomplete\\u201D datasets don\\u2019t answer this more fundamental question. Though the federal government\\u2019s new requirement is vital to filling gaps in the data, this question of who is and isn\\u2019t tested will persist until testing becomes more ubiquitous.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Understanding where these data are missing is, of course, just one piece of the larger conversation about how the structural features of our society have left some communities more vulnerable to the pandemic than others. If you\\u2019re interested, \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20200507.469145/full/?utm_source%3DNewsletter%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_content%3DEye%2BOn%2BHealth%2BReform%253A%2BRisk%2BCorridors%252C%2BCOVID-19%252C%2BAnd%2BThe%2BACA%253B%2BCOVID-19%253A%2BFederal%2BFunding%2BFor%2BContact%2BTracing%253B%2BMedicaid%2BMCOs%2BAnd%2BPayment%2BReform%253B%2BInequity%26utm_campaign%3DHAT%2B5-11-20%26&sa=D&ust=1590158619230000&usg=AFQjCNE3I8JdtgTHBTX5Z4m1lHlh8LGnBQ\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"here\"), \" is a great piece that delves into how inequity is playing a role as a \\u201Cpre-existing condition\\u201D in our current healthcare system.\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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The graph above shows the changes of test per capita and percentage of positive tests returned. The size of the circle indicate the…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"Covid-19 Tests and Inequality\",\n  \"author\": \"Zhuangyuan (Yuan) Fan\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-05-29T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"General\", \"Covid\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/image1-01.jpg\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Chart 1. The graph above shows the changes of test per capita and percentage of positive tests returned. The size of the circle indicate the median household income\")), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"introduction\"\n  }, \"Introduction\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/05/04/seattles-leaders-let-scientists-take-the-lead-new-yorks-did-not\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"New York City was slow to respond to COVID-19.\"), \" It took the city officials over a month to shift adequate testing resources to areas that were suffering most: New York\\u2019s low-income and disproportionately minority neighborhoods and households. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Many journalists and civil society actors have begun to raise alarm at what is proving to be an economic and social disparity in our governments\\u2019 response. For the few state and local governments that have released details data on COVID19 fatalities, researchers on our team begin to observe a clear uneven pattern: low-income communities have been much harder hit by COVID19 than high-income communities.  We also know that widespread testing is essential to both helping infected individuals and also containing the virus at a regional level. However, income should not decide whether or not one has access to adequate testing and care.  \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Several recent studies have attempted to analyze if state and local testing strategies are disbursed and utilized in more high-income than low-income regions.  Two studies, by Borjas, G. J. (2020) and Schmitt-Groh\\xE9 (2020) respectively, used zip code level data in New York City. Using data from April 5th, Borjas finds that people residing in poor neighborhoods were less likely to be tested than people residing in rich neighborhoods, while, with data from April 2nd to April 13th, Schmitt-Groh\\xE9 finds that the distribution of Covid-19 tests was equal across income brackets. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u2018in comparing these two results, it become more evident that a key contributing factor in the differences is \", mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"strong\"\n  }, \"time\")), \".\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"timing-is-everything\"\n  }, \"Timing is everything.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"These confounding conclusions motivated researchers in our lab to explore the relationship of Covid-19 testing, income levels, and time. First, we compare the zip code level testing and confirmed cases data from April 1st to May 4th in New York City\", mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \".\"), \" Low-income zip codes show a higher fraction of positive testing results across time. Although the data from early April show a higher concentration of testing in high-income zip codes, this trend reversed itself over time in the last month.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"3000px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"55.00000000000001%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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3000w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/f4856cf31163d53c693eca57a941f7cc/412e4/image2.png 2500w\", \"/static/f4856cf31163d53c693eca57a941f7cc/22748/image2.png 3000w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/f4856cf31163d53c693eca57a941f7cc/22748/image2.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"image2\",\n    \"title\": \"New York City Median Household Income and % Positive Cases Per Test\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"3000px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"55.00000000000001%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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\"/static/d854378ad53ac6214d29861cb9253466/09625/image4.webp 3000w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d854378ad53ac6214d29861cb9253466/412e4/image4.png 2500w\", \"/static/d854378ad53ac6214d29861cb9253466/22748/image4.png 3000w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3000px) 100vw, 3000px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/d854378ad53ac6214d29861cb9253466/22748/image4.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"image4\",\n    \"title\": \"New York City Median Household Income and Test Per Capita \",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Second, to go one step further we divided the median household income and the testing rate per capita into quintiles. We assigned each quintile a score from 1 to 5: 1 representing the lowest quintile and 5 representing the highest quintile. We then add the testing rate per capita score with the household income score created a map that illuminates where there is disparity between income and testing. A score of 10 represents the highest income and  testing rates, while a score of 2 represents lowest income and testing rates. In the map (Graph 4.1) we can see the extreme color of blue and red diminishing between early April and early May. However, there are still places that remain at score 2.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"If we plot positive returns per test rate (at zip code level) by quintile against the test per capita by quintile (Graph 4.2), we show a map with dark red indicating very high likelihood of getting a positive return per test but the overall tests per capita remain low. The blue color indicates the zip code has a very positive per test rate but high test per capita rate. These maps uncover the fact that even with the trend reversing, we still have many zip codes that are left behind. For example, as of May 4th, Flushing in Queens (11355) has a positive cases per test rate as high as 46.7% but their overall test per capita is less than 3%. On the contrary, Staten Island (10305) has a positive cases per test rate at 36.9% and its overall test per capita rate is around 7.2%. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1574px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"58.83100381194409%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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\"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/8f267b3f473b3a575e179b2b67d2afff/62d33/mapforweb2.webp 1574w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1574px) 100vw, 1574px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/8f267b3f473b3a575e179b2b67d2afff/2c1f1/mapforweb2.png 1574w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1574px) 100vw, 1574px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/8f267b3f473b3a575e179b2b67d2afff/2c1f1/mapforweb2.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"mapforweb2\",\n    \"title\": \"Positive per test rate vs. Test per capita\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"There are potentially many factors that contributed to New York\\u2019s decisions on where to allocation COVID19 resources. It could be because her healthcare system is just simply responding to the number of confirmed cases. Whatever the reason, we all have an obligation to understand and learn from these failings in order to better inform more equitable designs and plans. Many of us don\\u2019t have the luxury of time. So it is left to our planners, policy-makers, and public health officials to ensure that we make the very best of it. To know and never doubt that income should never dictate the acquisition of something so priceless - a life well lived\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"reference\"\n  }, \"Reference:\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"1] Borjas, G. J. (2020).\", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Demographic determinants of testing incidence and COVID-19 infections in New York City neighborhoods\"), \"(No. w26952). National Bureau of Economic Research.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"2] Schmitt-Groh\\xE9, S., Teoh, K., & Uribe, M. (2020).\", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Covid-19: Testing Inequality in New York City\"), \"(No. w27019). National Bureau of Economic Research.\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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     \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/fe5c8a6eba380b24cf5d5a2c81ed6d49/b1ef5/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.44.32-am.webp 1340w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1340px) 100vw, 1340px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/fe5c8a6eba380b24cf5d5a2c81ed6d49/77a0f/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.44.32-am.png 1340w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1340px) 100vw, 1340px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/fe5c8a6eba380b24cf5d5a2c81ed6d49/77a0f/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.44.32-am.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Tweet by Emma Wager: \\\"Calling for a temporary ban on data visualization until we figure out what is going on [image of graph] I have nothing to promote but please stay home, wash your hands, and stop publishing charts with default Excel formatting\\\"\",\n    \"title\": \"tweet3\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"^(Ahem, anyone using a \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://twitter.com/bencasselman/status/1258136404363808769\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"\\u201Ccubic model\\u201D\"), \".)\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"See the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://twitter.com/ferrisjabr/status/1221145299084726273\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"thread below\"), \" and the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/01/china-coronavirus-twitter/605644/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"a\"\n  }, \"Atlantic\"), \" piece covering the tweet that prompted it\"), \" for a demonstration of the hazard of well-intentioned but under-informed data analysis.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1328px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"85.09036144578313%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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     \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/aaa42fa7f634e3b8184b58478608815f/909b8/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.44.47-am.webp 1328w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1328px) 100vw, 1328px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/aaa42fa7f634e3b8184b58478608815f/fa900/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.44.47-am.png 1328w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1328px) 100vw, 1328px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/aaa42fa7f634e3b8184b58478608815f/fa900/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.44.47-am.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Tweet by Ferris Jabr: \\\"Following numerous critiques, the most inaccurate tweet in the original viral thread disappeared/was probably deleted without explanation or follow-up correction. For transparency and posterity, this is what it looked like.  The info in the pictured tweet is unequivocally wrong\\\" [image of tweet by Dr. Eric Feigl Ding: \\\"SUMMARY: So what does this mean for the world??? We are now faced with the most virulent virus epidemic the world has ever seen. An R0=3.8 means that it exceeds SARS's modest 0.49 viral attack rate by 7.75x -- almost 8 fold! A virus that spreads 8 times faster than SARS...\\\"]\",\n    \"title\": \"tweet4\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Even among infectious disease experts, consensus on the best practices for modeling the incoming data would adapt over time (\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://twitter.com/neil_ferguson/status/1243294815200124928\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"thread\"), \"):\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1324px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"52.87009063444109%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/3d8969f7f0e3203a38c7436bd7f5772c/33b3d/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.45.02-am.webp 1324w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1324px) 100vw, 1324px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/3d8969f7f0e3203a38c7436bd7f5772c/b58f7/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.45.02-am.png 1324w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1324px) 100vw, 1324px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/3d8969f7f0e3203a38c7436bd7f5772c/b58f7/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.45.02-am.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Tweet by neil_ferguson: \\\"1/4 - I think it would be helpful if I cleared up some confusion that has emerged in recent days. Some have interpreted my evidence to a UK parliamentary committee as indicating we have substantially revised our assessments of the potential mortality impact of COVID-19.\\\"\",\n    \"title\": \"tweet5\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"All these epistemological limitations fit under the umbrella of the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Dunning-Kruger effect\"), \":\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"800px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"71.74999999999999%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/jpeg;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/658e085757182365014640f9cc50c084/8d2ea/image1.webp 800w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/658e085757182365014640f9cc50c084/c60e9/image1.jpg 800w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/jpeg\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/658e085757182365014640f9cc50c084/c60e9/image1.jpg\",\n    \"alt\": \"Dunning-Kruger Effect. Diagram showing relationship between knowledge in field and confidence.\",\n    \"title\": \"Dunning-Kruger\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Original creator of this diagram unknown.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Following this evolving consensus on best practices, we can often observe improvements over time in some of the COVID data visualizations which have managed to reach a wider audience, and these revisions are instructive.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"For example, \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://covidactnow.org/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"covidactnow.org\"), \" has added models of the infection growth rate (with confidence intervals) and the positive test rate to its forecasts of state-by-state hospital capacity, which were more simplistic \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://web.archive.org/web/20200327060650/http:/www.covidactnow.org/state/NY\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"in the site\\u2019s first few weeks\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://91-divoc.com/pages/covid-visualization/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"interactive COVID tool at 91-divoc.com\"), \" was already making the best of multiple approaches upon its debut, showing gross and per-capita case counts by country and region, and allowing users to toggle between linear and logarithmic scales on the y-axis. Like other popular COVID tools, 91-divoc brackets the x-axes of its graphs around early quantitative thresholds such as \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"days since 100 cases\"), \", and by late April had shifted its default view from total cases to one-week trailing averages of new cases to better illustrate flattening growth. In mid-April the site added forecast trendlines for countries, but days later opted to truncate those forecasts to seven days forward so as to \\u201Cavoid extreme extrapolation\\u201D. Peruse 91-divoc\\u2019s change log \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://91-divoc.com/pages/covid-visualization/changes.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"here\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The most important prevailing debates on best practices for COVID data visualization concern the proper selection of variables and denominators.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The modeler\\u2019s choice between gross counts and per-capita normalizations depends on the purpose of their model. Gross counts accurately measure the growth of local outbreaks, whereas per-capita rates better depict the burden on a nation/region\\u2019s healthcare system and policymaking apparatus. Some sentiments in favor of per-capita normalizations are \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://twitter.com/NateSilver538/status/1245132431818178561\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"quite inflexble\"), \", but perhaps wrongly so. Observe the linear graph of cases by country captured on March 25 from 91-divoc\\u2019s tool:\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"960px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"55.104166666666664%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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\"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/46ecf1d1e90e59fe79421cb3eb716699/6c7d1/image2.webp 960w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/46ecf1d1e90e59fe79421cb3eb716699/1fe05/image2.jpg 960w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/jpeg\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/46ecf1d1e90e59fe79421cb3eb716699/1fe05/image2.jpg\",\n    \"alt\": \"COVID-19 Cases by Country from 91-divoc.com, captured on March 25, 2020.\",\n    \"title\": \"COVID-19 Cases by Country from 91-divoc.com, captured on March 25, 2020.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Now observe the linear graph of cases per capita, captured on the same day from the same tool:\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"960px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"55.208333333333336%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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\"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/0d552191a3e2c10067d053bce86032a9/6c7d1/image3.webp 960w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/0d552191a3e2c10067d053bce86032a9/1fe05/image3.jpg 960w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/jpeg\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/0d552191a3e2c10067d053bce86032a9/1fe05/image3.jpg\",\n    \"alt\": \"COVID-19 Cases per Capita by Country from 91-divoc.com, captured on March 25, 2020.\",\n    \"title\": \"COVID-19 Cases per Capita by Country from 91-divoc.com, captured on March 25, 2020.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"It would seem here that the Vatican City is careening towards anarchy at an unprecedented rate\\u2014an incorrect implication emerging from our choice of scale and normalization.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Here John Burn-Murdoch, whose graphs for the \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Financial Times\"), \" have earned praise, makes his team\\u2019s case against using per-capita rates in graphs (\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://twitter.com/jburnmurdoch/status/1249445458264698880?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"link\"), \"):\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"506px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"295.65217391304344%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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     \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/9d60f9c11fb960caa002786bff6b6a4c/3bde5/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.48.50-am.webp 506w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/9d60f9c11fb960caa002786bff6b6a4c/30942/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.48.50-am.png 506w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 506px) 100vw, 506px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/9d60f9c11fb960caa002786bff6b6a4c/30942/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.48.50-am.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Tweets by John Burn-Murdoch: \\\"Here’s a video where I explain why we’re using log scales, showing absolute numbers instead of per capita, and much more: [video link: 'Everything you need to know about that pink graph mapping coronavirus death rates by country by @jburnmurdoch'] And a chart showing why we're using absolute numbers rather than population-adjusted rates: [linked tweet: 'A quick chart for those who keep asking for per-capita adjustment:  Here’s population vs total death toll one week after 10th death.  No relationship.  As I’ve been saying, population does not affect pace of spread. All per-capita figures do is make smaller countries look worse.'] [scatter plot chart with trendline] \\\"\",\n    \"title\": \"tweet05\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://twitter.com/CT_Bergstrom/status/1249930293928030209\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"thread below\"), \", Carl T. Bergstrom of the University of Washington explains how per-capita rates \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"can\"), \" be responsibly compared between countries if the curves are left-aligned to starting positions of a given fractional infection rate. However, he also advises that per-capita comparisons between regions are preferable to those between countries.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1346px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"62.704309063893014%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/3f8f0179165a2e9a980f52c1b3c9d7af/8170e/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.50.42-am.webp 1346w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1346px) 100vw, 1346px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/3f8f0179165a2e9a980f52c1b3c9d7af/4eb26/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.50.42-am.png 1346w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1346px) 100vw, 1346px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/3f8f0179165a2e9a980f52c1b3c9d7af/4eb26/screen-shot-2020-05-19-at-6.50.42-am.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Tweet by Carl T. Bergstrom: \\\"1. When plotting epidemic curves or death totals, should we divide by population size? Here on twitter this question has generated a lot more heat than light.   The answer is a bit subtle and so while I’ve tweeted about this before I want to address it in more detail.\\\"\",\n    \"title\": \"tweet06\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"There is also volatile disagreement on the proper selection of variables. Many sources, \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/coronavirus-case-counts-are-meaningless/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"a\"\n  }, \"FiveThirtyEight\"), \" among them\"), \", point out the futility of using reported case counts from governments (of inconsistent trustworthiness) using inconsistent testing methods. Burn-Murdoch\\u2019s detractors critique his visuals\\u2019 acceptance of China\\u2019s published counts at face value. \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://blog.datawrapper.de/coronaviruscharts/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Datawrapper\"), \" recommends avoiding this problem by instead using confirmed death counts, which are harder to misreport but still imperfect since COVID can be an indirect cause of death.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"What are some general best practices and precautions for analyzing and visualizing COVID data? Here are some excellent sources addressing this question.\"), mdx(\"ul\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"strong\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.tableau.com/about/blog/2020/3/ten-considerations-you-create-another-chart-about-covid-19\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"10 considerations before you create another chart about COVID-19\")), \" (03/13/20) by Amanda Makulec, Operations Director for the Data Visualization Societ\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://news.mit.edu/2020/catherine-dignazio-visualizing-covid-19-data-0414\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  })), \"y\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"strong\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://news.mit.edu/2020/catherine-dignazio-visualizing-covid-19-data-0414\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"3 Questions: Catherine D\\u2019Ignazio on visualizing COVID-19 data\")), \" (04/13/20) profiling MIT assistant professor D\\u2019Ignazio;\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/product/mapping/mapping-coronavirus-responsibly/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }))), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"strong\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.esri.com/arcgis-blog/products/product/mapping/mapping-coronavirus-responsibly/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Mapping coronavirus, responsibly\")), \" (02/25/20) by Kenneth Field for ESRI;\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"strong\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/why-its-so-freaking-hard-to-make-a-good-covid-19-model/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Why It\\u2019s So Freaking Hard to Make a Good COVID-19 Model\")), \" (03/31/20) by Maggie Koerth, Laura Bronner, and Jasmine Mithani for \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, \"FiveThirtyEight\"), \";\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Once again, \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://twitter.com/EvanMPeck/status/1235568532840120321\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"this Twitter thread\"), \" by Evan M. 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","author":"Tess McCann","date":"May 15th, 2020","dateForSEO":"2020-05-15T00:00:00.000Z","timeToRead":1,"excerpt":"Since March, we at the Civic Data Design Lab (CDDL) have been collecting and analyzing data surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work has…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"Introducing the CDDL Blog! \",\n  \"author\": \"Tess McCann\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-05-15T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"General\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/screen-shot-2020-05-15-at-3.21.28-am.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Since March, we at the Civic Data Design Lab (CDDL) have been collecting and analyzing data surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic. Our work has always been about understanding data and using it to call attention to the needs and interests of citizens on the margins of policy development. The global pandemic, and its quantitative nature, has made this mission all the more crucial. COVID-19 is exposing existing inequalities in our country and across the globe. We urgently must document these disparities as they emerge to have a chance of addressing them.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"We are starting this blog in order to share the work we\\u2019re doing with a larger audience. We join a large community of scientists, designers, and urbanists around the world who are already engaged in open conversations about COVID-19 through the lens of its data\\u2014its nuances, its stories, and its calls to action. As in our other projects, we\\u2019re experimenting with collection tools and visualization strategies that allow us to highlight phenomena that might otherwise be overlooked.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Our first post highlights how tricky it is to draw informed conclusions from COVID-19 data. Upcoming posts will delve into the inequalities of the outbreak, particularly how testing opportunities relate to income levels across the country.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"As the situation with COVID-19 evolves, so will this blog. We hope to use this space to start conversations toward change and we look forward to the dialogues that come from it.\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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As an avid creative, I love to model and write poetry, and I play varsity baseball at MIT.","id":"f542d3ea-8f8f-58ea-8d10-cb0bf7b9a4cd","name":"Brian 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In my last semester, I took my first urban planning class, 11.158 Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation, which has catalyzed a newfound fascination for all things behaviorally irrational (yet undeniably human) and excessively complicated. During this time, I became engaged to NUMTOT in a whirlwind romance, which helped me expose the inequitable safety misperceptions of shared micromobility.  Today, I fulfill my insatiable hunger for urban planning through mouthwatering memes, palatable PDF readings from classes I will never take, and spicy opportunities like the Missing Data Project. My first project investigates contradictory policies on the county, state, and national levels, specifically in the realm of everyday COVID-19 public safety practices. Just like my “missing” data sources, I thrive in ambiguity.","id":"d5001f7f-7b91-588b-9929-971c46ea1db3","name":"Amy 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Chenab received her Bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago in Philosophy and Biology.","id":"44ba51d2-8607-5ec4-bc94-defb11e668fc","name":"Chenab 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She also is Director of the Civic Data Design Lab at MIT's School of Architecture and Planning. The Civic Data Design Lab works with data, maps, and mobile technologies to develop interactive design and communication strategies that expose urban policy issues to broader audiences.  Trained as a Geographer (Clark University), Landscape Architect (University of Pennsylvania), and Urban Planner (MIT), Williams's work combines geographic analysis and design. Williams is most well known for her work as part of the Million Dollar Blocks team which highlighted the cost of incarceration, Digital Matatus which developed the first data set on a informal transit system searchable in Google Maps, and a more a recent project that uses social media data to understand housing vacancy and Ghost Cities in China.  Her design work has been widely exhibited including work in the Guggenheim, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York City. Before coming to MIT, Williams was Co-Director of the Spatial Information Design Lab at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation (GSAPP). Williams has won numerous awards including being named top 25 planners in the technology and 2012 Game Changer by Metropolis Magazine. Her work is currently on view in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and the Seoul Biennale Cities Exhibition in Korea.","id":"f6ba70a7-e984-5521-97b3-c279b2c9fd15","name":"Sarah 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and Planning. At MIT, she is researching the use of history and historic buildings in large-scale urban developments and hopes to write her thesis on the topic. She enjoys reading critical cartographic and psychogeographic theory, and in her spare time makes maps in this tradition.  Before MIT, Tess worked at Pentagram Design as a project manager and strategist. She had the pleasure of working with the Brearley Communications, Admissions, and Development Departments on the new admissions and capital campaign materials in 2016 and 2017. In addition to working with Brearley, she oversaw the development of logos and other design assets for Yale University (her other alma mater), Mastercard, the American Museum of Natural History, the Poetry Foundation, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Central Park Conservancy.  Tess graduated with honors from Yale, where she holds a bachelor’s degree in history, with a specific focus on 19th Century German militarism. Her thesis was a historiographical biography of the German general Helmuth von Moltke, and included original translations of official German records that are held in the Yale libraries. In 2014, she won the Acheson Prize, Yale’s top award for written academic work for her essay, 'The Historiography of Postwar and Contemporary Histories of the Outbreak of World War I'. 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