{"componentChunkName":"component---node-modules-narative-gatsby-theme-novela-src-templates-articles-template-tsx","path":"/page/2","result":{"pageContext":{"authors":[{"authorsPage":true,"bio":"Hey! I’m an aspiring protein engineer, who's actively looking for ways to uplift marginalized communities everywhere. I am a rising junior at MIT, majoring in Biological Engineering and minoring in Black Studies, and am looking forward to working in the Civic Data Design Lab this summer! So far, I have been analyzing and visualizing data reports on racial and ethnic data tied to COVID-19 test results and related deaths. In this project, I’m hoping to explain the confusing (and not so surprising) trends in the data and shed light on the reasons why discrepancies exist between states when reporting race in COVID-19 tests and deaths. Why is there missing data here, and what does this tell us? About testing strategies? About practicality? About policy?  I am passionate about understanding how policy decisions drive economic and social change. As an avid creative, I love to model and write poetry, and I play varsity baseball at MIT.","id":"f542d3ea-8f8f-58ea-8d10-cb0bf7b9a4cd","name":"Brian 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In my last semester, I took my first urban planning class, 11.158 Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation, which has catalyzed a newfound fascination for all things behaviorally irrational (yet undeniably human) and excessively complicated. During this time, I became engaged to NUMTOT in a whirlwind romance, which helped me expose the inequitable safety misperceptions of shared micromobility.  Today, I fulfill my insatiable hunger for urban planning through mouthwatering memes, palatable PDF readings from classes I will never take, and spicy opportunities like the Missing Data Project. My first project investigates contradictory policies on the county, state, and national levels, specifically in the realm of everyday COVID-19 public safety practices. Just like my “missing” data sources, I thrive in ambiguity.","id":"d5001f7f-7b91-588b-9929-971c46ea1db3","name":"Amy 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Before DUSP, Chenab worked in community-engaged population health research at the University of Chicago. She is interested in how data can be used to plan with and for communities, and in exploring questions of data use and governance in cities. Chenab received her Bachelor’s degree from the University of Chicago in Philosophy and Biology.","id":"44ba51d2-8607-5ec4-bc94-defb11e668fc","name":"Chenab 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She also is Director of the Civic Data Design Lab at MIT's School of Architecture and Planning. The Civic Data Design Lab works with data, maps, and mobile technologies to develop interactive design and communication strategies that expose urban policy issues to broader audiences.  Trained as a Geographer (Clark University), Landscape Architect (University of Pennsylvania), and Urban Planner (MIT), Williams's work combines geographic analysis and design. Williams is most well known for her work as part of the Million Dollar Blocks team which highlighted the cost of incarceration, Digital Matatus which developed the first data set on a informal transit system searchable in Google Maps, and a more a recent project that uses social media data to understand housing vacancy and Ghost Cities in China.  Her design work has been widely exhibited including work in the Guggenheim, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York City. Before coming to MIT, Williams was Co-Director of the Spatial Information Design Lab at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation (GSAPP). Williams has won numerous awards including being named top 25 planners in the technology and 2012 Game Changer by Metropolis Magazine. Her work is currently on view in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and the Seoul Biennale Cities Exhibition in Korea.","id":"f6ba70a7-e984-5521-97b3-c279b2c9fd15","name":"Sarah 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and Planning. At MIT, she is researching the use of history and historic buildings in large-scale urban developments and hopes to write her thesis on the topic. She enjoys reading critical cartographic and psychogeographic theory, and in her spare time makes maps in this tradition.  Before MIT, Tess worked at Pentagram Design as a project manager and strategist. She had the pleasure of working with the Brearley Communications, Admissions, and Development Departments on the new admissions and capital campaign materials in 2016 and 2017. In addition to working with Brearley, she oversaw the development of logos and other design assets for Yale University (her other alma mater), Mastercard, the American Museum of Natural History, the Poetry Foundation, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Central Park Conservancy.  Tess graduated with honors from Yale, where she holds a bachelor’s degree in history, with a specific focus on 19th Century German militarism. Her thesis was a historiographical biography of the German general Helmuth von Moltke, and included original translations of official German records that are held in the Yale libraries. In 2014, she won the Acheson Prize, Yale’s top award for written academic work for her essay, 'The Historiography of Postwar and Contemporary Histories of the Outbreak of World War I'. 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Some have authorized statewide stay-at-home orders, and…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"COVID-19 State Reopening Policies and Mask Mandates\",\n  \"author\": \"Amy Fang\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-24T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Data\", \"Visualization\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/statewide-reopening-and-mask-mandate-map-by-week.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"All 50 states have been affected uniquely and have reacted differently to COVID-19. Some have authorized statewide stay-at-home orders, and some have authorized statewide mask mandates, but even these policies vary in both scale and time from state to state. Notable news publications, including the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"New York Times\"), \" \", \"[\", \"1],\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/states-face-mask-coronavirus-trnd/index.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"CNN\"), \" \", \"[\", \"2], and the\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/states-reopening-coronavirus-map/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Washington Post\"), \" \", \"[\", \"3], have created interactive visualizations illustrating these variations in state reopening statuses, consistently updating in real-time to provide the latest information. To add additional insight to these nationwide conversations on reopening, these data visualizations narrate timelines: comparing and contrasting how ever-shifting national guidelines and state case counts have influenced statewide policies over time.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1700px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"96.41176470588235%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/7f98ca36214ebafa075c0a445928fcc2/74d86/statewide-reopening-and-mask-mandate-map-by-week.webp 1700w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1700px) 100vw, 1700px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/7f98ca36214ebafa075c0a445928fcc2/7f8a1/statewide-reopening-and-mask-mandate-map-by-week.png 1700w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1700px) 100vw, 1700px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/7f98ca36214ebafa075c0a445928fcc2/7f8a1/statewide-reopening-and-mask-mandate-map-by-week.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"statewide reopening and mask mandate map by week\",\n    \"title\": \"Statewide Reopening and Mask Mandate Map by Week, Source: NYT [1] and CNN [4]\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"COVID-19 has created an international public health epidemic and, partially due to its shocking novelty, has been met with a variety of uncoordinated responses on the international, national, state, and even county and municipal level. As our collective understanding of the virus increases over time, guidelines, particularly those for preventative measures, have been ever-evolving. For example, although the first case of COVID-19 in the United States was laboratory-confirmed on January 20, 2020 \", \"[\", \"5], the Center for Disease Control (CDC), our leading national health authority, did not recommend that everyone wear face coverings around others until the beginning of April \", \"[\", \"6, 7]. Until then, it was unconfirmed and unknown that the virus could also be spread by asymptomatic people. In fact, President Trump did not endorse wearing face masks until July 21.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"As prominently displayed in the above map, this inevitable lack of clarity around COVID-19 is also reflected in the constant shifting of state reopening policies. By the beginning of June, every state had initiated their reopening plans. By mid-July, \", mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"20\"), \" states had paused or even reversed upon these original plans. Although individual counties and cities have imposed further restrictions on their residents, these data visualizations look exclusively at reopening policies and mask mandates at the state level.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Although COVID-19 associated death counts can be a rough metric, indicative of where a state stands in successfully combating the virus, it is difficult to completely understand how and why each state makes such decisions. The following data visualizations compare COVID-19 associated death counts with state reopening and mask wearing policies. Despite an interesting graphic, we are incapable of commenting on the level of correlation or causation between these two variables because the spread and control of the virus is a multi-dimensional problem. I chose to look at death counts rather than case counts due to the additional impact and ambiguity of regional differences in testing rates, reporting procedures, and hospital resources. From the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Week-Ending-D/r8kw-7aab\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"dataset\"), \" \", \"[\", \"9], blank spaces in the chart data visualization indicate that \\u201COne or more data cells have counts between 1\\u20139 and have been suppressed in accordance with NCHS confidentiality standards.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1700px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": 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\"/static/1007cf56d7bb5a6425aec64343f13590/1a152/covid-19-associated-death-count-and-statewide-mask-mandate-chart-by-week.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"covid 19 associated death count and statewide mask mandate chart by week\",\n    \"title\": \"COVID-19 Associated Death Count and Statewide Mask Mandate Chart by Week, Source: NYT [1], CNN [4], and CDC [9]\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1787px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", 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[\"/static/20b4e21bf2ced9d3884eac94d07445f9/c6cb5/covid-19-associated-death-count-up-until-statewide-mask-mandate-graph.webp 1787w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1787px) 100vw, 1787px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/20b4e21bf2ced9d3884eac94d07445f9/b7458/covid-19-associated-death-count-up-until-statewide-mask-mandate-graph.png 1787w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1787px) 100vw, 1787px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/20b4e21bf2ced9d3884eac94d07445f9/b7458/covid-19-associated-death-count-up-until-statewide-mask-mandate-graph.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"covid 19 associated death count up until statewide mask mandate graph\",\n    \"title\": \"COVID-19 Associated Death Count until Statewide Mask Mandate Graph, Categorized by Reopening Stage at Time of Mask Mandate, Source: NYT [1], CNN [4], and CDC [9]\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Thus, from these data visualizations, I draw the following conclusions:\"), mdx(\"ol\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"Statewide mask mandates do not necessarily align with the stages of a state\\u2019s reopening policies. In fact, statewide mask mandates have been initiated when a state has been under a stay-at-home order, while reopening, after being reopened, while pausing reopening, and while reversing reopening.\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"As of June 12th, 24 states have statewide mask mandates. 16 of these states instated their mask mandate within two weeks of their peak (in the case of Texas, their second peak) COVID-19 associated death count.\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"The 12 states with the largest total COVID-19 associated death counts, excluding Florida, have statewide mask mandates, 7 of which were instated while the state was under a stay-at-home order. This aligns with the results of a \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/17/upshot/coronavirus-face-mask-map.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"New York Times nationwide survey\"), \" \", \"[\", \"10], which qualitatively asked individuals about their mask-wearing preferences, and found that \\u201CPlaces that have experienced a lot of coronavirus, with a few exceptions, show higher-than-usual rates of masking.\\u201D\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This same article concludes, \\u201CIn parts of the country without a lot of cases, there are still wide variations in mask use that appear to be driven more by local custom and partisan identification than by specific disease risk. If coronavirus cases end up climbing in those areas, too, masks may start appearing on many more faces.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"As with everything surrounding the collective status of the United States and COVID-19, looking not only at statewide mask mandates but also at statewide reopening policies, we\\u2019ll have to see how everything plays out.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"sources\"\n  }, \"Sources\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"1] Lee, Jasmine C., et al. \\u201CSee How All 50 States Are Reopening (and Closing Again).\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Apr. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"2] Elassar, Alaa. \\u201CThis Is Where All 50 States Stand on Reopening.\\u201D CNN, Cable News Network, 26 Apr. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-coronavirus-trnd/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-coronavirus-trnd/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"3] Gerhart, Ann. \\u201CWhere States Reopened and Cases Spiked after the U.S. Shutdown.\\u201D The Washington Post, WP Company, 20 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/states-reopening-coronavirus-map/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/states-reopening-coronavirus-map/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"4] Kim, Allen, et al. \\u201CThese Are the States Requiring People to Wear Masks When out in Public.\\u201D CNN, Cable News Network, 22 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/states-face-mask-coronavirus-trnd/index.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/states-face-mask-coronavirus-trnd/index.html\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"5] Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance \\u2014 United States, January 22\\u2013May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:759\\u2013765. DOI:\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"6] Goodnough, Abby, and Knvul Sheikh. \\u201CC.D.C. Weighs Advising Everyone to Wear a Mask.\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 31 Mar. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/health/cdc-masks-coronavirus.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/health/cdc-masks-coronavirus.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"7] \\u201CSurgeon General Explains Evolution of CDC Face Mask Guidance.\\u201D MSNBC, NBCUniversal News Group, 3 Apr. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/surgeon-general-explains-evolution-of-cdc-face-mask-guidance-81619013687\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/surgeon-general-explains-evolution-of-cdc-face-mask-guidance-81619013687\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"8] Baker, Peter. \\u201CTrump, in a Shift, Endorses Masks and Says Virus Will Get Worse.\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 22 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-masks.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-masks.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"9] National Center for Health Statistics. \\u201CProvisional COVID-19 Death Counts by Week Ending Date and State.\\u201D Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Week-Ending-D/r8kw-7aab\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Week-Ending-D/r8kw-7aab.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"10] Katz, Josh, et al. \\u201CA Detailed Map of Who Is Wearing Masks in the U.S.\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 17 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/17/upshot/coronavirus-face-mask-map.html?action=click&module=Top%2BStories&pgtype=Homepage\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/17/upshot/coronavirus-face-mask-map.html?action=click&module=Top%2BStories&pgtype=Homepage\"), \".\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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In the article, Sean Collins…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"The anger behind the Nairobi protests, explained in 4 charts\",\n  \"author\": \"Civic Data Design Lab\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-17T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Visualization\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On the first of June, Vox released an article called \\u201CThe anger behind the protests, explained in 4 charts\\u201D. In the article, Sean Collins uses data visualizations to explain the landscape of police violence in the United States, a structural issue that has come to the surface most recently due to the murder of George Floyd on the 25th of May. The author states \\u201Cprotests have continued night after night because they are not just about that single killing but what it represents: rampant police brutality that seems to have no consequences\\u201D (Collins 2020). Reading this article got me thinking about the parallels in Nairobi, Kenya, where recent protests have mirrored those happening in the United States.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This article explores the anger behind the protests in Nairobi, looking into some of the dynamics of police violence through four charts. You will notice that this story looks quite a bit different to the sleek digital visualizations that we create at the CDDL. I have always been amazed by data humanism, particularly the hand-drawn visualizations of Mona Chalabi and Giorgia Lupi, and my hope is that the hand drawn charts convey both the urgency of the situation and its deeply human impact.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On the 8th of June in Mathare, one of Nairobi\\u2019s informal settlements, over 200 protesters marched with signs reading \\u201CStop Killer Cops\\u201D and \\u201COur Lives Matter\\u201D, and images of mothers of victims of police violence kneeling in front of Mathare Social Justice Centre draw scary parallels to what is going on in the United States. While many people in the United States see the coronavirus and police violence protests as separate crises, in Nairobi the two crises and their responses have been deeply entwined.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Where Coronavirus and Police Violence Collide\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The Kenyan government was quick to respond to the Coronavirus outbreak, implementing a lockdown and strict curfew starting from 27th March 2020. This curfew has been enforced intensely and with violence in many forms. At police checkpoints strategically placed on many roads key to people\\u2019s daily commutes between the center city and its outskirts, workers were met with violence:\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Thousands joined long queues at bus stations that extended beyond the 7pm cut-off time as matatus \\u2013 observing new guidelines \\u2013 were ferrying at about 50 per cent capacity\\u2026.As they braved the delays and queues, police officers on the other end were arming themselves with clubs and whips \\u2013 generally preparing themselves for violence (in Daily Nation 2020).\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Tear gas was employed to dispel crowds and protesters both in Nairobi and Mombasa. In addition, state actors carrying out forced evictions in Kariobangi settlement have left 5,000 citizens newly homeless and at higher risk for contracting COVID-19 (Bhalla 2020). Then, we began to hear how citizens accused of breaking curfew were beaten and killed. Over 15 people were murdered by police since the start of the curfew, including 13-year-old boy Yassin Hussein Moyo, who was shot by a police bullet while standing on his apartment balcony in late March. As the Nation reports, \\u201Cthe indiscriminate violence on men, women and children was shocking in its brutality and complete disregard for liberties\\u201D (Daily Nation 2020). #NoJusticeNoPeace and #ICan\\u2019tBreathe were themes that arose in Nairobi too, and activist groups including the Mathare Social Justice Centre have led protests to bring these issues to a national and global view.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"The Graphics\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"One\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1731px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.0577700751011%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d664b7fac43f95163d919596f00b8b75/f7d4b/cddl_blogpost_0713-01.webp 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d664b7fac43f95163d919596f00b8b75/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-01.png 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/d664b7fac43f95163d919596f00b8b75/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-01.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 01\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 01\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CThey have killed us more than corona,\\u201D a protester from the 8th June in Mathare, said simply. This straightforward quote inspired the first graphic. As of the end of May, the statistics showed that 101 people had been killed by police and 71 people killed by COVID-19. As we move past the initial curfew, the COVID-19 cases have risen rapidly to overtake this number, however police murder persists.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Two\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1730px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.11560693641619%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/70393c9f50924da229aa08517d8d0b3f/8315d/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.webp 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/70393c9f50924da229aa08517d8d0b3f/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.png 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/70393c9f50924da229aa08517d8d0b3f/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 03\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 03\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The initial curfew went from 7pm to 5am, with some reports of police enforcement of the curfew even before the clock hit seven. The example I have taken is the work schedule of a matatu driver or housekeeper who, like many workers across the city, leaves before dawn and works until late because they must commute multiple hours a day in Nairobi traffic. This leaves more than three hours where workers traveling to and from their workplaces were vulnerable to severe violence and at times murder at the hands of the police. As of the 7th of June, the curfew has since been extended 21 days but relaxed to 9pm to 4am, allowing more time for free movement.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Three\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1730px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.11560693641619%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/606acd2e4d378fc583bafaf77a31306c/8315d/cddl_blogpost_0713-02.webp 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/606acd2e4d378fc583bafaf77a31306c/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-02.png 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/606acd2e4d378fc583bafaf77a31306c/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-02.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 02\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 02\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"According to GAN Business Anti-Corruption portal, three out of four Kenyans consider most or all police officers as corrupt (GCB 2015). This graphic points to larger issues with police conduct in Nairobi: these include ubiquitous bribery, extortion especially of Somalis, and brutality toward often innocent citizens. Corrupt police officers are rarely arrested or prosecuted for corruption crimes (HRR 2016).\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Four\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1731px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.0577700751011%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAIAAAAC64paAAAACXBIWXMAAAsSAAALEgHS3X78AAACbElEQVQ4y5VTaVeqUBT1//+KXmVvVSpzgAg4gOQYJbzlU8shxVlCnBKHd8SWYdmHtz/cde89Z++zz+Hi257CZrPx7r1HL3w/0VaLd2c+Xy/et+7NSb7vO9OZzYr3aT2Zumc5/ML/IMYH1cZO4hvf94VpGZ0UxURoOpVOK6n7TCbDMgwTCDXUwnb9E9llLu0JfxsiCRzHMAxFEvE4ReA0RRb0AhkM1vLqF/8+b1lNUigcU6QEx7AYgkBNXdcj4TASDGIELqC4M5keKh3bXi5zQlQQeJa+41hYqMDtjSgIuqaBhYQk8TTT/lvZZa7XHvLe83SWpNlcLsuF2TDLXPkvL85/SYmElIijSAhBkd9nZ7WCDpnrY/LWHfI8K0TzD/m0otyRBIoi135/UohC96BCksTN+UVd+/Ot8gd9qzBhmr7LZjIxUcSQUCTCidBwIEARBEhg1zf9WsM7s6OBtYtlMhBMKsmnR1WWpEdVlWWZuLziGIYCUU4Ax94H9/WFFeVUjOfFqMhHIklZHo3NpqbXnrS6ptu9/ulP9Yn1pq4WsmKMp2k1nbKH/UGrWVOyS9My38x6vd5sNtvt9nw+P7J9wG5444lRLA2qNeu1ZRudzWq1e+2OY73tsFqt9mk+7+h/gvuuT/0YjuN0u91yudxqtWA1TbPX6z0/V54rFbiB0GAwAJ8vLy9gGMoahgHHTqezI0NZ0wWkAs2yrNFodEiaTqewL5VKEAIh6LlarX72DGSQ6ff7EIYrCECSbduTyQTkZrPZYrEYDoegYrmANJAAv6em/T/4IEOd8XgM614e6uz34PlwhP3UBXjZs/4BVPlGJeEqqHMAAAAASUVORK5CYII=')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/55eb58517e5ad22ec4290860df3bbfed/f7d4b/cddl_blogpost_0713-04.webp 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/55eb58517e5ad22ec4290860df3bbfed/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-04.png 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/55eb58517e5ad22ec4290860df3bbfed/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-04.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 04\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 04\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Police conduct goes further than the reach of their hand. This last visualization is a result of my inner urban planner. Something that we often forget about is how the use of teargas can have a magnified effect on high-density residential areas including informal communities like Kibera settlement in Nairobi. If teargas is released in Kibera, its 300m radius means that the teargas could reach more than 300 buildings, compromising the health of countless residents of the areas surrounding the location where the teargas was released.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"What This Means\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"It is my hope that the graphics, along with the articles quoted, speak for themselves. However, in closing, it is important to emphasize that the situation reveals to us unlikely parallels in police brutality between the United States and Kenya. It shows us the global nature of this issue, and how police were created to support existing power structures rooted in colonialism and white supremacy. This situation is also a call for urgent innovation in Coronavirus prevention. Informal settlements, often highly dense, are doubly vulnerable- not only to the disease but also to the loss of income resulting from curfews. In the United States and in Kenya, we need to start thinking of prevention measures that protect both people\\u2019s livelihoods and their lives.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"You can read more about police brutality in Kenya at Mathare Social Justice Centre, Kenyan newspaper The Daily Nation, Citizen TV, and through Human Rights Watch.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"References\")), mdx(\"ul\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Bhalla, Nita. \\u201CForced Evictions Leave 5,000 Kenyan Slum Dwellers at Risk of Coronavirus.\\u201DReuters, Thomson Reuters, 6 May 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-kenya-homelessness/forced-evictions-leave-5000-kenyan-slum-dwellers-at-risk-of-coronavirus-idUSKBN22I1VC\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-kenya-homelessness/forced-evictions-leave-5000-kenyan-slum-dwellers-at-risk-of-coronavirus-idUSKBN22I1VC\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Collins, Sean. \\u201CThe Anger behind the Protests, Explained in 4 Charts.\\u201DVox, Vox, 31 May 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.vox.com/2020/5/31/21276004/anger-police-killing-george-floyd-protests\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.vox.com/2020/5/31/21276004/anger-police-killing-george-floyd-protests\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Gan Integrity. \\u201CKenya Corruption Report.\\u201DGAN Integrity, 11 June 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/kenya/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/kenya/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Kahura, Dauti. \\u201CSaba Saba At 30: The Gains We Have Lost.\\u201DThe Elephant, 7 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.theelephant.info/features/2020/07/07/saba-saba-at-30-the-gains-we-have-lost/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.theelephant.info/features/2020/07/07/saba-saba-at-30-the-gains-we-have-lost/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Kenya Ministry of Health. 2020,Covid-19 Outbreak in Kenya - Situation Report No. 77,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.health.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Kenya-COVID-19-SITREP-077-02-Jun-2020.pdf\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.health.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Kenya-COVID-19-SITREP-077-02-Jun-2020.pdf\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Santiago, Maria M. Mur. \\u201CLiving with Tear Gas, the Other Face of Chile\\u2019s Protests.\\u201DWww.efe.com, 17 Nov. 2019,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.efe.com/efe/english/portada/living-with-tear-gas-the-other-face-of-chile-s-protests/50000260-4113001\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.efe.com/efe/english/portada/living-with-tear-gas-the-other-face-of-chile-s-protests/50000260-4113001\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Sperber, Amanda. \\u201C\\u2018They Have Killed Us More than Corona\\u2019: Kenyans Protest against Police Brutality.\\u201DThe Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 9 June 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/09/they-have-killed-us-more-than-corona-kenyans-protest-against-police-brutality\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/09/they-have-killed-us-more-than-corona-kenyans-protest-against-police-brutality\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"The Nation Team Kenyans Brace Brutality as Police Enforce Curfew.\\u201DDaily Nation, 30 Mar. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/kenyans-brace-brutality-as-police-enforce-curfew-282826\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/kenyans-brace-brutality-as-police-enforce-curfew-282826\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. \\u201CKenya: Information on the July 1990 Riots.\\u201DRefworld,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aac02c.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aac02c.html\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Wambui, Mary. \\u201CPolice Disrupt Saba Saba Protests in the City.\\u201DDaily Nation, 7 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/police-disrupt-saba-saba-protests-in-the-city-1446314\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/police-disrupt-saba-saba-protests-in-the-city-1446314\"), \".\")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Update from the 7th of July 2020\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On the seventh of July, another protest took place in Nairobi\\u2019s Central Business District. Kenyans took to the street in the Saba Saba protests against human rights violations in the country. Saba Saba (seven seven in Kiswahili) refers to the 1990 pro-democracy demonstrations held throughout Kenya. At the time, over 6,000 people demonstrated against the detention of two cabinet ministers without trial, which reflected a larger blockage of political voice for citizens. The demonstrations called for the restoration of the multiparty system after leaders had called for it in May 1990. Then-President Daniel Arap Moi deployed the General Service Unit (GSU, the Kenyan paramilitary police) troops and used violence against protesters, killing over 20 people and leaving 1,000 in jail after the four days of confrontations (The Elephant 2020).\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This year\\u2019s protests celebrated the 30th anniversary of Saba Saba, and they came in the wake of recent cases of police violence. Protesters were met with heavy security presence including teargas and arrests. Protesters carried the message against police violence through chants and placards with messages like \\u201CStop Promoting Police Deviance\\u201D, \\u201CStop Killer Cops\\u201D and \\u201CCorruption is as Bad as Colonialism\\u201D (The Nation 2020). Over 20 demonstrators were arrested, and the Social Justice Working Group and its community group members continue to organize for sponsoring bail funds and working against police violence in Nairobi.\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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This moratorium…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"Housing and COVID-19 in San Francisco\",\n  \"author\": \"Joyce Zhao\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-14T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/2019-eviction-notices-and-covid-rates.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On March 13, 2020, Mayor London Breed issued an executive order temporarily halting most evictions in San Francisco. This moratorium, excluding evictions due to health and safety, is set to expire on July 31. As a result of legislation passed by the Board of Supervisors on June 26, landlords are permanently banned from evicting tenants because of missed rent due to the pandemic. Following the Mayor\\u2019s eviction moratorium in March, only 73 eviction notices have been filed through the San Francisco Rent Board, a noticeable decrease compared to the 378 notices filed over the same time period from 2019.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"While those official eviction notices have seen a noticeable decrease in numbers, many housing justice groups are predicting\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/us/coronavirus-evictions-renters.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  })), \" \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/us/coronavirus-evictions-renters.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"a looming wave of evictions\"), \" following the expiration of moratoriums across the nation. In many cities, local moratoria and rent freezes have already expired and eviction courts have begun to reopen.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Neighborhoods in San Francisco experiencing historically higher rates of eviction show correlation with some of the same neighborhoods experiencing the highest rates of COVID-19.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1000px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"80%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/df5410c1f4ecabe0ce60abc489f6f04f/e00f7/2019-eviction-notices-and-covid-rates.webp 1000w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/df5410c1f4ecabe0ce60abc489f6f04f/332ff/2019-eviction-notices-and-covid-rates.png 1000w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/df5410c1f4ecabe0ce60abc489f6f04f/332ff/2019-eviction-notices-and-covid-rates.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"2019 Eviction Notices and COVID Rates by Neighborhood, San Francisco\",\n    \"title\": \"2019 Eviction Notices and COVID Rates by Neighborhood, San Francisco\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In particular, 10% of all eviction notices filed in 2019 took place in the Mission (highlighted in pink below), a neighborhood with historically higher rates of eviction. 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Yet, the direct cause & effect relationship between the two is intricate to measure, because it is neither one-dimensional nor unidirectional.","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"Coronavirus, Occupation, Race, & Coronavirus\",\n  \"author\": \"Griffin Kantz\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-13T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"excerpt\": \"The connection between COVID-19 and the health of the economy is obvious. Yet, the direct cause & effect relationship between the two is intricate to measure, because it is neither one-dimensional nor unidirectional.\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Mapping\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/casespercapita_20200703.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The connection between COVID-19 and the health of the economy is obvious. Yet, the direct cause & effect relationship between the two is intricate to measure, because it is neither one-dimensional nor unidirectional.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Here are two striking animated maps illustrating this asymmetrical relationship. First is a map representing daily new confirmed coronavirus cases per capita in the U.S. by county from March 1, 2020 to July 6, 2020 (a one-week trailing average to account for regular fluctuations).\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"src\": \"/5dbbd25f7a30868f69aac87ffe63f161/casespercapita.gif\",\n    \"alt\": \"Animated map of new coronavirus cases per capita in the U.S. (seven-day rolling average).\"\n  }))), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Map 1. Daily new confirmed coronavirus cases per capita (one-week trailing average), United States, 3/1/2020-7/6/2020. Produced with QGIS and Photoshop.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Here it was important to represent cases in the vertical dimension as well as choropleth fill to highlight counties both large and small.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This second animated map displays the unemployment rate by county from Feb. 1, 2020 to June 1, 2020. The Bureau of Labor Statistics releases unemployment figures for each month, which we assign to the first day of the following month and approximate linearly for all other days. Preliminary figures for May were released last week. Figures for Puerto Rico are not available for April or May, so the territory was not included here.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"src\": \"/6ae258caff80a96040bbf31cc88cd8d4/unemployment.gif\",\n    \"alt\": \"Animated map of unemployment in the U.S.\"\n  }))), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Map 2. Unemployment rate, United States, 2/1/2020-6/1/2020. Produced with QGIS and Photoshop.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Scrutinize these two maps in close comparison with each other. Their timeframes are offset by one month, but they cover the recent surges in each variable. Notice the incredible differences in the regions most affected by coronavirus (and in what order) versus those affected by high unemployment.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Coronavirus cases per capita first peaked in a handful of urban hot-spots (New York, NY; New Orleans, LA; Detroit, MI; Cincinnati, OH; Albany, GA), then spread to an entirely different set of rural hot-spots (the Oklahoma panhandle; Iowa and Southern Minnesota; Northeast Arizona; and several extreme spikes in the Midwest and South), and finally experienced a surge across the entire Sun Belt which is still ongoing.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Unemployment, meanwhile, demonstrated a ubiquitous surge across the entire country, with Las Vegas, NV, and the entirety of Hawai\\u2019i and Michigan particularly impacted.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"If coronavirus is the clear precursor to the economic crisis, why do we witness these regional differences, and why do they seem to transcend political jurisdictions? Beginning our inquiry from these maps leads directly to some initial hypotheses.\"), mdx(\"h3\", {\n    \"id\": \"race\"\n  }, \"Race\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"960px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"56.25%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d264a43f5e5b1894b4874efad68243d3/6c7d1/race.webp 960w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d264a43f5e5b1894b4874efad68243d3/fde0f/race.png 960w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/d264a43f5e5b1894b4874efad68243d3/fde0f/race.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"race\",\n    \"title\": \"Map of percent non-white population, United States.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Map 3. Percent non-white population, United States, U.S. Census Bureau. Produced with QGIS.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/05/us/coronavirus-latinos-african-americans-cdc-data.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Race\"), \" appears to correlate significantly with the areas experiencing the largest coronavirus surges. The \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Black Belt\"), \" in the South and the expansive cluster of Native American reservations (particularly the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://navajotimes.com/coronavirus-updates/covid-19-across-the-navajo-nation/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Navajo Nation\"), \") in the Southwest appear to be epicenters of large outbreaks. Counties along the U.S.-Mexico land border, where many migrant laborers work often without being reflected in Census figures, have also been sites of outbreaks. Structural inequities in healthcare, workplace conditions/protections, infrastructure, and crisis preparedness almost certainly contributed to the case severity in these regions. These vectors of vulnerability have also contributed to disparities in unemployment, although it is difficult to observe this at the county level. The chart below is from a recent \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-covid/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"report\"), \" by the Economic Policy Institute covering \\u201Ctwo of the most lethal preexisting conditions for coronavirus\\u2014racism and economic inequality\\u201D.\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    width: \"100%\",\n    height: \"802\",\n    src: \"https://www.epi.org?p=197235&view=embed&embed_template=charts_v2013_08_21&embed_date=20200712&onp=193246&utm_source=epi_press&utm_medium=chart_embed&utm_campaign=charts_v2\",\n    frameBorder: \"0\"\n  }), mdx(\"h3\", {\n    \"id\": \"occupation-type\"\n  }, \"Occupation Type\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Intertwined with race, differences in occupation type also serve to distort the economic burden of coronavirus. Manufacturing and front-line service jobs are more exposed to infection, as well as more susceptible to layoffs due the combination of the shutdowns, thinner profit margins, and looser workplace protections. Three of the counties (seen clearly in \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://siouxlandnews.com/news/coronavirus/buena-vista-county-tops-national-list-for-fastest-growing-covid-19-hotpost\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Iowa\"), \", \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.indystar.com/story/news/environment/2020/04/27/cass-county-coronavirus-cases-spike-county-home-meat-plant/3033246001/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Indiana\"), \", and \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://journalstar.com/lifestyles/health-med-fit/health/dakota-county-one-of-the-nations-fastest-growing-coronavirus-hot-spots/article_c91b8158-776f-56fa-a550-e98dd89a68fe.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Nebraska\"), \" in the first map) reaching the highest new-cases-per-capita rates throughout the pandemic are sites of Tyson Foods meat processing plants, although these particular outbreaks did not happen to result in layoffs. These occupational dynamics are suspected to be responsible for the unemployment surges in \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://uhero.hawaii.edu/covid-19s-uneven-impact-on-businesses-and-workers-results-from-a-uhero-chamber-of-commerce-hawaii-survey/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Hawai\\u2019i\"), \", \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2020/06/04/why-covid-19-hit-michigan-so-hard/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Michigan\"), \", and \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/05/28/864398303/the-sheer-volume-is-hard-to-capture-unemployment-in-nevada-soars-to-historic-hig\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Nevada\"), \", states which are home to large tourism, manufacturing, and accommodations industries, respectively. Differences in occupation type correlate strongly with race, and the same Economic Policy Institute \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.epi.org/publication/black-workers-covid/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"report\"), \" mentioned above covers how Black workers disproportionately serve in vulnerable industries.\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    width: \"100%\",\n    height: \"637\",\n    src: \"https://www.epi.org?p=193254&view=embed&embed_template=charts_v2013_08_21&embed_date=20200712&onp=193246&utm_source=epi_press&utm_medium=chart_embed&utm_campaign=charts_v2\",\n    frameBorder: \"0\"\n  }), mdx(\"h3\", {\n    \"id\": \"incarceration\"\n  }, \"Incarceration\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Lastly, the extreme per-capita spikes appearing in rural \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://wreg.com/news/small-arkansas-county-dealing-with-rise-in-covid-19-cases/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Arkansas\"), \", \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.marionstar.com/story/news/local/2020/04/25/marion-prison-ohio-coronavirus-outbreak-seeping-into-larger-community/3026133001/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Ohio\"), \", and \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.wkrn.com/community/health/coronavirus/trousdale-county-leads-us-in-virus-cases-per-capita-due-to-prison/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Tennessee\"), \" in the first map happen to be in counties home to large prisons. Coronavirus has posed a profound threat to the incarcerated, a threat which \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.prisonpolicy.org/virus/virusresponse.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"some policy officials\"), \" are taking steps to counteract. Hear & read the statements from the inmates of one Maryland jail afflicted by coronavirus \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.gaspingforjustice.org/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"here\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"~\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This is only an abbreviated overview of the dynamics at play here, and each of them could be the subject of countless studies. Together, they create an image of a self-sustaining crisis with intricate cause-&-effect relationships. The diagram below summarizes our Lab\\u2019s thoughts on how these pandemic vectors are interdependent. In it we also attempt to show the difficulties in reconciling data of phenomena occurring at different spatial scales: regional and local.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1280px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"56.25%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": 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\"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/6f97a1cf2e76fa2378e671dd0919c0d8/26c69/covid-19-theoretical-framework_20200624.png 1280w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1280px) 100vw, 1280px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/6f97a1cf2e76fa2378e671dd0919c0d8/26c69/covid-19-theoretical-framework_20200624.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Diagram of relationships between coronavirus, occupation type, new unemployment, and race/income.\",\n    \"title\": \"Diagram of relationships between coronavirus, occupation type, new unemployment, and race/income.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      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source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"Unpacking COVID-19 publication research themes and urban indications (Part II)\",\n  \"author\": \"Yuan Lai\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-01T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Visualization\", \"Data\", \"Health\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/network_overlay_100.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"My \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://blog.civicdatadesignlab.mit.edu/unpacking-covid-19-publication-research-themes-and-urban-indications-(part-i)\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"previous blog post\"), \" explored \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.kaggle.com/allen-institute-for-ai/CORD-19-research-challenge\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"COVID-19 AI OPEN Research Dataset Challenge\"), \" manuscript data and topic modeling technique for thematic structure discovery. This exploratory data analysis (EDA) identified three major themes: epidemiology, virology, clinical studies, and unidentified topics. Using this output, we built a \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://public.tableau.com/profile/yuan5273#!/vizhome/COVID-19OpenResearchViz/Dashboard1\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"dashboard\"), \" to visualize manuscripts grouped by country with the quantified thematic composition (in percentage) for exploring scientific research. The topic modeling results revealed several insights: of all the manuscripts, 36% were related to \\u201Cclinical\\u201D studies (looking for a treatment), 27% to \\u201Cvirological\\u201D studies (understanding the biology of the virus), 19% to \\u201Cepidemiological\\u201D studies (understanding the spread of the virus), and 18% to other research studies\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Quantifying and visualizing the current COVID-19 research landscape is interesting, but how does it reflect non-clinical factors and intersect with urban science? To explore this question, we used cleaned abstract text data to further analyze the co-occurrence of keywords that are relevant to urban science. The formation of this keyword dictionary proceeds in two steps. First, we examined the top words ranked by their appearance in the abstracts of every paper. These words are the most common terms that are related to identified themes. Because \\u201Cepidemiological\\u201D studies relate most to urban science and that urban science may represent a small portion of the entire COVID-19 research scope, we then added urban-related vocabulary into the dictionary, such as \\u201Cplanning\\u201D, \\u201Chousing\\u201D, \\u201Csocioeconomic\\u201D, and \\u201Ctransportation\\u201D. By analyzing the inter-correlation between these two groups of words, we may understand how urban-related terms appear in scientific research manuscripts and underlying interconnections between health and urban factors.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1392px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"61.7816091954023%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/79727b32404579b5d040c905b7639e36/a8feb/screen-shot-2020-07-01-at-7.34.01-pm.webp 1392w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/79727b32404579b5d040c905b7639e36/3baca/screen-shot-2020-07-01-at-7.34.01-pm.png 1392w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1392px) 100vw, 1392px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/79727b32404579b5d040c905b7639e36/3baca/screen-shot-2020-07-01-at-7.34.01-pm.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"screen shot 2020 07 01 at 7 34 01 pm\",\n    \"title\": \"Figure 1. A dictionary with COVID-19 and urban-related vocabulary.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"With this dictionary, we then used network analysis to investigate how these terms are connected. The concept of text network analysis derives from graph theory. By associating pairs of words based on their co-appearance in a text file, network visualizations reveal complex structures and underlying patterns. Computationally, we used Sklearn in Python to convert the cleaned corpus (from Part I) into a matrix of token counts. The first output is aNbyNmatrix, where N is the number of unique vocabulary extracted from all texts. Because this matrix will be huge when analyzing thousands of abstracts a subset was extracted which represents the matrix related to the defined dictionary for the final graph visualization.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"src\": \"/5523373a1b88423a1de05084c8be844c/network_growth_animation.gif\",\n    \"alt\": null,\n    \"title\": \"Figure 2. An animated COVID-19 text network visualization.\"\n  }))), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Now let\\u2019s look into this graph step-by-step based on the rendering completeness of graph representation. In general, graph rendering with lower completeness highlights a fundamental structure of the graph. Increasing rendering completeness extends the network complexity by including more nuanced nodes and edges. The weight of an edge, visualized as the width, indicates the prevalence of co-occurrence between any two terms. A graph with 20% completeness reveals core connections (or research interests) focusing on infection and patient, as well as some clinical and epidemiological research compared to \\u201CSARS\\u201D and \\u201CInfluenza.\\u201D Multiple urban-related terms are included here, such as \\u201Cpoverty\\u201D, \\u201Cjob\\u201D, \\u201Cmobility\\u201D, and \\u201Cpolicy\\u201D. Some terms such as design and response, may carry different urban or clinical meanings depending on specific context.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"2212px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"59.76491862567812%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/bdbc0523df844521267497d91108bfa2/8c820/network_overlay_20.webp 2212w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 2212px) 100vw, 2212px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/bdbc0523df844521267497d91108bfa2/91fce/network_overlay_20.png 2212w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 2212px) 100vw, 2212px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/bdbc0523df844521267497d91108bfa2/91fce/network_overlay_20.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"network overlay 20\",\n    \"title\": \"Figure 3. COVID-19 text network visualization with 20% completeness.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The graph with 60% completeness shows how different health conditions relate to other health, behavioral, socioeconomic, and policy factors. Some additional words indicate socioeconomic vulnerability, such as \\u201Csocial, \\u201Cincome,\\u201D \\u201Cjob,\\u201D \\u201Cinsurance,\\u201D and \\u201Cunemployment \\u201CAsthma,\\u201D one of the top respiratory pre-existing conditions, is associated with indoor living quality, air pollution, and insurance status. \\u201CObesity,\\u201D as another comorbidity found in COVID-19 patients, is associated with \\u201Cdrinking,\\u201D \\u201Cunemployment,\\u201D \\u201Cpoverty,\\u201D and \\u201Cmobility.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"2212px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"59.76491862567812%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAMCAYAAABiDJ37AAAACXBIWXMAAAsSAAALEgHS3X78AAACA0lEQVQoz61SW08TURA+u2Xv7a7bC3uWdrulVwIFBLySoCREQJBiEAwP0uKDYCSEEBQT05ZfoE/GP2B8Mj4Zf9/nnNVqNag8+DB79syZ+Wa+b4YxxiAsFouBc46hXC46JUmC7Tjgvg/DMNCLu4B9+xEAmq5DTySgWxYY3dMEXKhUIv/viSL+j4D9j7KigMkyGHVs2Dbi6fSPu0RvEp0X6lCmJENQLJZQmLwMPZUCi8ehUJdebQQydc5EMYrxRkcRDg/DpoKqpkER/h5gihL9IIi0Ks/NwaxWMbCwAK2xDnt6BsW1BnLb29BXVhHsNJGhu3ztOkqbW5iYnYVPmsdFsR6gQNdIs4znIbu4BOfwCMGTPZSeHWDk9CWcV21Yxydgj5owWo9hNBoY3NtHYf8p3DCMQITW2Xweruv+pGyaJvjSMsrLdzGzfh8BJVifv8D/+An8/Qfwt+9gds4gv6Aiz09Ra7ZQGxtDdXw8YqjSJnynzqIp2tR2pV5H6d4a7Fu3USPAoQeb8Dc2UO90UWh3MPH6DcrkD9tdTHfPYJKGGmka69dQfFRVRZK0dGmiA0KCTAZqsYjElaswb9yMpMhvPYRzZxG8tYs8Uc7Oz0M9Z53YeaPXqMCg0IV2kNOQPLJwagoW+dJEL0HT/+fa9JvQwiGBBZVLyWSkkUJFfon722L/T/sKeREutkH5doUAAAAASUVORK5CYII=')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/337aaa6dca07abdc2e5396bc5adb7476/8c820/network_overlay_60.webp 2212w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 2212px) 100vw, 2212px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/337aaa6dca07abdc2e5396bc5adb7476/91fce/network_overlay_60.png 2212w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 2212px) 100vw, 2212px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/337aaa6dca07abdc2e5396bc5adb7476/91fce/network_overlay_60.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"network overlay 60\",\n    \"title\": \"Figure 4. COVID-19 text network visualization with 60% completeness.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The graph with 100% completeness reveals broader racial disparities and racism during this pandemic. \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-racism-not-race-is-a-risk-factor-for-dying-of-covid-191/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"A recent interview with public health specialist and physician Camara Phyllis Jones\"), \" revealed that occupations, communities, and health care leave people of color, especially Black Americans, more exposed and less protected. The data visualizations we produced resonate with her insights on systemic racism and its impact on almost every aspect of peoples\\u2019 lives. The words\\u201Cneighborhood,\\u201D \\u201Cenvironment,\\u201D \\u201Chospital,\\u201D \\u201Cgovernment \\u201Cmobility,\\u201D \\u201Cplanning,\\u201D and \\u201Cdesign\\u201D imply inequities in community resources and living conditions. Others imply population health disparities, especially in pre-existing conditions such as \\u201Cobesity,\\u201D \\u201Cdiabetes,\\u201D and \\u201Casthma.\\u201D The Asian population, on the other hand, is associated explicitly with \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/the-rise-of-anti-asian-hate-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"racial discimination, negative sentiments on social media, and hate crimes\"), \". This indicates that people of color in different ethnic groups may face different discimination and injustice. Additional words may look nuanced in the entire graph, but represent specific population groups, such as \\u201Chomeless\\u201D and frontline\\u201D workers.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"2212px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"59.76491862567812%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/0904d0c65999b35e30602cc297e3d935/8c820/network_overlay_100.webp 2212w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 2212px) 100vw, 2212px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/0904d0c65999b35e30602cc297e3d935/91fce/network_overlay_100.png 2212w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 2212px) 100vw, 2212px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/0904d0c65999b35e30602cc297e3d935/91fce/network_overlay_100.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"network overlay 100\",\n    \"title\": \"Figure 5. COVID-19 text network visualization with 100% completeness.\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"While the goal of this study was to unpack the complex research landscape, there are limitations when considering data sources as a collection of scientific research manuscripts. This partially explains why we see relatively weak links among the terms representing social, economic, demographic, and political factors. To some extent, we suspect that broader social science studies on COVID-19 may be underrepresented in the original pool of manuscripts and preprints. Novel information mining, data analytics, and knowledge discovery methods are needed for more in-depth investigation for more comprehensive understandings in this pandemic.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In conclusion, this project used Natural Language Processing and topic modeling to identify the underlying thematic structure based on approximate 47,731 manuscripts. Network analysis and visualization of keywords further revealed the intertwined virological, clinical, and epidemiological complexities involving the spread, infection, and mortality of this infectious disease. Using text mining and graph theory, we built a network of critical terms that are relevant to both this pandemic and urban science. During this pandemic, while different groups of people may face different hardships and threats, the underlying network structure and patterns of academic manuscripts reveal prevalent inequalities and injustice that contribute to disease vulnerability and exposure risks.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"References\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Brainard, J., 2020. New tools aim to tame pandemic paper tsunami.Science. Available: \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6494/924/tab-pdf\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"https://science.sciencemag.org/content/368/6494/924/tab-pdf\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Feagin, J. and Bennefield, Z., 2014. Systemic racism and US health care.Social science & medicine, 103, pp.7-14.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Gray, D.M., Anyane-Yeboa, A., Balzora, S., Issaka, R.B. and May, F.P., 2020. COVID-19 and the other pandemic: populations made vulnerable by systemic inequity.Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, pp.1-3.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Hutson, M. 2020. Artificial-intelligence tools aim to tame the coronavirus literature.Nature. Available: \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01733-7\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01733-7\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Laster Pirtle, W.N., 2020. Racial capitalism: a fundamental cause of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic inequities in the United States. Health Education & Behavior, p.1090198120922942.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Lee, J. and Yadav M. 2020. The Rise of Anti-Asian Hate in the Wake of Covid-19. Insights from the Social Sciences. Available: \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/the-rise-of-anti-asian-hate-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/the-rise-of-anti-asian-hate-in-the-wake-of-covid-19/\")));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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In my semester, I took my first urban planning class,11.158 Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation, which has catalyzed a newfound fascination for all things behaviorally irrational (yet undeniably human) and excessively complicated. During this time, I became engaged to NUMTOT in a whirlwind romance, who helped her expose the inequitable safety misperceptions of shared micromobility.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Today, I fulfill my insatiable hunger for urban planning through mouthwatering memes, palatable PDF readings from classes I will never take, and spicy opportunities like the Missing Data Project. My first project investigates contradictory policies on the county, state, and national levels, specifically in the realm of everyday COVID-19 public safety practices. Just like my \\u201Cmissing\\u201D data sources, she thrives in ambiguity.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Yu Jing Chen\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Hi! 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Just like my “missing” data sources, I thrive in ambiguity.","id":"d5001f7f-7b91-588b-9929-971c46ea1db3","name":"Amy 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She also is Director of the Civic Data Design Lab at MIT's School of Architecture and Planning. The Civic Data Design Lab works with data, maps, and mobile technologies to develop interactive design and communication strategies that expose urban policy issues to broader audiences.  Trained as a Geographer (Clark University), Landscape Architect (University of Pennsylvania), and Urban Planner (MIT), Williams's work combines geographic analysis and design. Williams is most well known for her work as part of the Million Dollar Blocks team which highlighted the cost of incarceration, Digital Matatus which developed the first data set on a informal transit system searchable in Google Maps, and a more a recent project that uses social media data to understand housing vacancy and Ghost Cities in China.  Her design work has been widely exhibited including work in the Guggenheim, the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), the Cooper Hewitt Museum in New York City. Before coming to MIT, Williams was Co-Director of the Spatial Information Design Lab at Columbia University’s Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation (GSAPP). Williams has won numerous awards including being named top 25 planners in the technology and 2012 Game Changer by Metropolis Magazine. Her work is currently on view in the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) and the Seoul Biennale Cities Exhibition in Korea.","id":"f6ba70a7-e984-5521-97b3-c279b2c9fd15","name":"Sarah 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and Planning. At MIT, she is researching the use of history and historic buildings in large-scale urban developments and hopes to write her thesis on the topic. She enjoys reading critical cartographic and psychogeographic theory, and in her spare time makes maps in this tradition.  Before MIT, Tess worked at Pentagram Design as a project manager and strategist. She had the pleasure of working with the Brearley Communications, Admissions, and Development Departments on the new admissions and capital campaign materials in 2016 and 2017. In addition to working with Brearley, she oversaw the development of logos and other design assets for Yale University (her other alma mater), Mastercard, the American Museum of Natural History, the Poetry Foundation, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, and Central Park Conservancy.  Tess graduated with honors from Yale, where she holds a bachelor’s degree in history, with a specific focus on 19th Century German militarism. Her thesis was a historiographical biography of the German general Helmuth von Moltke, and included original translations of official German records that are held in the Yale libraries. In 2014, she won the Acheson Prize, Yale’s top award for written academic work for her essay, 'The Historiography of Postwar and Contemporary Histories of the Outbreak of World War I'. 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