{"componentChunkName":"component---node-modules-narative-gatsby-theme-novela-src-templates-article-template-tsx","path":"/h2a:-america's-essential-yet-unknown-program","result":{"data":{"allSite":{"edges":[{"node":{"siteMetadata":{"name":"MIT Civic Data Design Lab"}}}]}},"pageContext":{"article":{"id":"e439fcc2-bd48-56d1-abfc-d94c3a0dc360","slug":"/h2a:-america's-essential-yet-unknown-program","secret":false,"title":"H2A: America's Essential yet Unknown Program","author":"Evan Denmark","date":"July 31st, 2020","dateForSEO":"2020-07-31T00:00:00.000Z","timeToRead":5,"excerpt":"The first of many posts that dig into America's H2A visa program, how our food supply chain depends on it, and how data can show its potential flaws, especially in the midst of a pandemic.   ","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"H2A: America's Essential yet Unknown Program\",\n  \"author\": \"Evan Denmark\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-31T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"excerpt\": \"The first of many posts that dig into America's H2A visa program, how our food supply chain depends on it, and how data can show its potential flaws, especially in the midst of a pandemic.   \",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Visualization\", \"Economy\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/screen-shot-2020-07-28-at-10.16.52-am.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The Mississippi sweet potato planting season recently came to a close. Mike Williamson, a farmer of Williamson Family Farms in Water Valley, Mississippi, only hopes that all he\\u2019ll have the workforce to harvest those crops come October. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CI\\u2019m not one hundred percent sure that my amigos will be here in the fall. If not, I\\u2019ll be out of business,\\u201D Williamson said.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The \\u201Camigos\\u201D he refers to are his farm workers from Mexico, specifically those who were issued H2A visas\\u2014one of the only visas that has not been suspended per a \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-suspending-entry-aliens-present-risk-u-s-labor-market-following-coronavirus-outbreak/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"June 22 Presidential Proclamation\"), \" because it is \\u201Cessential to the food supply chain.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"For the last seven years, Williamson has hired H2A visa workers to plant and harvest his crop. This year, he requested 28 workers, but due to personal fears of COVID-19, only 25 made the trip. Fortunately for Williamson, all of his workers are in the 90% of visa holders who have previously held an H2A visa, which means that their visa processing time was streamlined.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In a pre-pandemic time, H2A visa applicants - 92% of whom are from Mexico - would undergo a personal interview at a US Consulate to get their visa approved. This year, the Department of State gave Consulates the option to \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-news/important-announcement-on-h2-visas.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"cancel the interview\"), \" for both new and returning visa applicants on March 26.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"However, of the 10% of applicants who are new to H2A, up to \\u201Cforty percent\\u201D of applications could be put on hold, according to Todd Miller of Head Honchos LLC, the San Antonio-based \\u201Cseasonal labor processing work permit specialist\\u201D firm hired by Williamson to recruit workers and navigate the complex visa process.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CWhen the Consulate finally opens up, it\\u2019s going to take 100 years to talk to \", \"[\", \"applicants] and get them visas,\\u201D Miller said with hyperbole.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Because of the lack of interviews, Miller said that if there is anything imperfect about an application, it could be put on hold. However, as he noted, \\u201Cthere is no hard rule that \", \"[\", \"applications] have to be held back\\u201D because \\u201Cit depends on the Consulate staff.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"A world with COVID-19 is also presenting financial obstacles for farmers. Allen Robison, an apple and cherry farmer in Chelan, Washington, said that he is taking daily temperatures of his employees and spending \\u201Cthousands of dollars\\u201D to buy masks and other personal protective equipment.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Despite the logistical hurdles and financial expense caused by the pandemic, the US Department of State and farmers across America are making sure that most H2A visa applicants are able to make it to their final destination. Their efforts speak to the fact that the H2A program is increasingly essential to America\\u2019s food supply chain.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"H2A visa holders carried 9% of the country\\u2019s agricultural labor budget in 2019, a number that is up from 6% in 2016 and that has been steadily growing in the past decade.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Created in 1952 (and modified in 1986), the H2A program allows US-based farmers and agricultural firms to hire foreign workers when \\u201Cthere are not sufficient \", \"[\", \"American] workers who are able, willing, qualified, and available, and that the employment of aliens will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers similarly employed in the U.S.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Despite posting the positions in newspapers and on job boards in multiple states, Mike Williamson said that he has not received \\u201Ca single American application\\u201D in the last seven years.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Without an American agriculture workforce, the demand for visa-issued foreign workers has increased but comes at no small expense for farmers. In addition to paying employees their hourly wage, farmers are required to pay for worker housing, which must abide by a strict code, transportation between the farm and the foreign Consulate, and other visa related fees.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Despite the expense, the program has seen a steady rise in the past decade. One decade ago, the US Department of Labor would consistently issue fewer than 75,000 visas each year. Today, that number has nearly tripled with more than 205,000 visas issued in 2019.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"3992px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"70.08%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/f674fbed69da5660608b085f0fac93bb/a3bc4/screen-shot-2020-07-27-at-2.36.51-pm.webp 2500w\", \"/static/f674fbed69da5660608b085f0fac93bb/2ba8c/screen-shot-2020-07-27-at-2.36.51-pm.webp 3992w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3992px) 100vw, 3992px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/f674fbed69da5660608b085f0fac93bb/412e4/screen-shot-2020-07-27-at-2.36.51-pm.png 2500w\", \"/static/f674fbed69da5660608b085f0fac93bb/0ff6a/screen-shot-2020-07-27-at-2.36.51-pm.png 3992w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3992px) 100vw, 3992px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/f674fbed69da5660608b085f0fac93bb/0ff6a/screen-shot-2020-07-27-at-2.36.51-pm.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"The H2A program has dramatically increased during both Obama and Trump's tenure in the White House. Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, “Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics\\\"Source: \",\n    \"title\": \"The H2A program has dramatically increased during both Obama and Trump's tenure in the White House. Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, “Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics\\\"Source: \",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Since 2016 (the year when the US DOL began producing data with consistent formatting), the labor costs of the H2A program have increased by 66% due to a rise in the amount of labor being performed and significant increases in the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.mobilefarmware.com/support/wams/aewr/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"adverse wage\"), \" - a state-by-state minimum wage to ensure that guest worker wages will not depress the wages of domestic workers in similar occupations. In some states, like Washington, the adverse wage has increased by 24% since 2016.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Additionally, while the number of farms participating in H2A increased by 28%, the total person-hours done by H2A workers increased by 43% and the number of certified jobs by 45%, indicating both that new farms began participating in the program and that returning farms required more farm labor.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"3031px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"64.88%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/a3bc4/2016v2020.webp 2500w\", \"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/f2528/2016v2020.webp 3031w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3031px) 100vw, 3031px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/412e4/2016v2020.png 2500w\", \"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/6fab7/2016v2020.png 3031w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3031px) 100vw, 3031px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/6fab7/2016v2020.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, “H2A Disclosure Data” for years 2016-2019\",\n    \"title\": \"Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, “H2A Disclosure Data” for years 2016-2019\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The use and expense of the H2A program have been steadily increasing, yet most Americans are completely unaware of its existence. Our food is the foundation of our health as individuals and, by extension, our society. Without an understanding of the farm to table process, the American food supply chain and agricultural economy at large becomes less resilient to obstacles\\u2026 like a pandemic.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Thus, this post is the first of many CDDL posts which will explore the H2A visa program, its value in America\\u2019s supply chain, and its \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/h2a-visa-program-for-farmworkers-surging-under-trump-and-labor-violations/index.html?fbclid=IwAR30iL0RLxMBpUfQzh-b4d_Qeu-x_R6rERytYMGeEuG-J6OfR1pvFJ0_7HY\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"failures\"), \" through both data visualizations and extensive interviews to bring our readers and Americans at large a little bit closer to the food they eat.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"h2a-visually\"\n  }, \"H2A, Visually\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    src: \"https://public.tableau.com/shared/8YXPTJFYZ?:display_count=y&:origin=viz_share_link:showVizHome=no&:embed=true\",\n    width: \"100%\",\n    height: \"600\",\n    allowFullScreen: true\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://public.tableau.com/views/TheCurrentStateofH2A/Story1?:language=en&:display_count=y&publish=yes&:origin=viz_share_link\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"visualization\"), \" is a Tableau storyboard that highlights some of the basics about the H2A program: where workers are employed by county, which states use the H2A program, and which crops are most affected by H2A.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"All of the data used in this graphic come from the US Department of Labor\\u2019s Employment and Training Administration\\u2019s published dataset on H2A visa applications for the years 2016-2019.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The map,  \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Where do H2A visa workers go?\"), \", shows where H2A jobs are being taken in each county in the US. If a county has H2A activity, the size of the circle represents the number of certified H2A jobs in 2019. It is worth noting that this does not show the number of workers going to each county but rather the number of jobs that were given to an H2A visa holder. Although the two may correlate, a single H2A visa holder may have multiple jobs (potentially on the same farm) at different points in the year. Mike Williamson - the Mississippi sweet potato farmer - hires the same 28 workers in May to plant the crop and in September to pick the harvest. For these 28 workers, these are two separate jobs. In the summer months between the jobs, the workers must leave the US.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The second visualization, \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Which states use H2A?\"), \", shows the amount of H2A labor required in each state in 2019. Each visa application contains the job start and end date as well as the expected number of hours worked per week, so this was used to calculate the total number of person-hours required for each state. Interestingly, the top five states - North Carolina, Washington, Florida, California, and Georgia - make up 51% of the entire labor in the country.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Lastly, in \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Which crops are affected by H2A?\"), \", the size of each bubble corresponds to the number of person-hours spent on a given crop in each state. By default, the visualization shows data for the entire country but the state can be adjusted in the dropdown. On each visa application, a farmer must specify the job function or primary crop for the job. Many farmers often put \\u201CGeneral Farm Worker.\\u201D However, the most popular crop for H2A visa holders is tobacco, a crop that supports a large industry but also requires intensive manual labor. It is interesting to see that other crops like corn - America\\u2019s largest crop by total production - require much less H2A labor because harvesting is aided by machinery and, thus, requires fewer person-hours. Therefore, the number of person-hours dedicated to a particular crop is a function of the size of the industryandhow much individual attention is required for crop production.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Sources\"), mdx(\"ol\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, \\u201CH2A Disclosure Data\\u201D for years 2016-2019\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, \\u201CNonimmigrant Visa Statistics\\u201D\")));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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affected uniquely and have reacted differently to COVID-19. Some have authorized statewide stay-at-home orders, and…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"COVID-19 State Reopening Policies and Mask Mandates\",\n  \"author\": \"Amy Fang\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-24T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Data\", \"Visualization\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/statewide-reopening-and-mask-mandate-map-by-week.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"All 50 states have been affected uniquely and have reacted differently to COVID-19. Some have authorized statewide stay-at-home orders, and some have authorized statewide mask mandates, but even these policies vary in both scale and time from state to state. Notable news publications, including the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"New York Times\"), \" \", \"[\", \"1],\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/states-face-mask-coronavirus-trnd/index.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"CNN\"), \" \", \"[\", \"2], and the\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/states-reopening-coronavirus-map/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"Washington Post\"), \" \", \"[\", \"3], have created interactive visualizations illustrating these variations in state reopening statuses, consistently updating in real-time to provide the latest information. 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As our collective understanding of the virus increases over time, guidelines, particularly those for preventative measures, have been ever-evolving. For example, although the first case of COVID-19 in the United States was laboratory-confirmed on January 20, 2020 \", \"[\", \"5], the Center for Disease Control (CDC), our leading national health authority, did not recommend that everyone wear face coverings around others until the beginning of April \", \"[\", \"6, 7]. Until then, it was unconfirmed and unknown that the virus could also be spread by asymptomatic people. In fact, President Trump did not endorse wearing face masks until July 21.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"As prominently displayed in the above map, this inevitable lack of clarity around COVID-19 is also reflected in the constant shifting of state reopening policies. By the beginning of June, every state had initiated their reopening plans. By mid-July, \", mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"20\"), \" states had paused or even reversed upon these original plans. Although individual counties and cities have imposed further restrictions on their residents, these data visualizations look exclusively at reopening policies and mask mandates at the state level.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Although COVID-19 associated death counts can be a rough metric, indicative of where a state stands in successfully combating the virus, it is difficult to completely understand how and why each state makes such decisions. The following data visualizations compare COVID-19 associated death counts with state reopening and mask wearing policies. Despite an interesting graphic, we are incapable of commenting on the level of correlation or causation between these two variables because the spread and control of the virus is a multi-dimensional problem. 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\"/static/1007cf56d7bb5a6425aec64343f13590/1a152/covid-19-associated-death-count-and-statewide-mask-mandate-chart-by-week.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"covid 19 associated death count and statewide mask mandate chart by week\",\n    \"title\": \"COVID-19 Associated Death Count and Statewide Mask Mandate Chart by Week, Source: NYT [1], CNN [4], and CDC [9]\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1787px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", 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[\"/static/20b4e21bf2ced9d3884eac94d07445f9/c6cb5/covid-19-associated-death-count-up-until-statewide-mask-mandate-graph.webp 1787w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1787px) 100vw, 1787px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/20b4e21bf2ced9d3884eac94d07445f9/b7458/covid-19-associated-death-count-up-until-statewide-mask-mandate-graph.png 1787w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1787px) 100vw, 1787px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/20b4e21bf2ced9d3884eac94d07445f9/b7458/covid-19-associated-death-count-up-until-statewide-mask-mandate-graph.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"covid 19 associated death count up until statewide mask mandate graph\",\n    \"title\": \"COVID-19 Associated Death Count until Statewide Mask Mandate Graph, Categorized by Reopening Stage at Time of Mask Mandate, Source: NYT [1], CNN [4], and CDC [9]\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Thus, from these data visualizations, I draw the following conclusions:\"), mdx(\"ol\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"Statewide mask mandates do not necessarily align with the stages of a state\\u2019s reopening policies. In fact, statewide mask mandates have been initiated when a state has been under a stay-at-home order, while reopening, after being reopened, while pausing reopening, and while reversing reopening.\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"As of June 12th, 24 states have statewide mask mandates. 16 of these states instated their mask mandate within two weeks of their peak (in the case of Texas, their second peak) COVID-19 associated death count.\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"The 12 states with the largest total COVID-19 associated death counts, excluding Florida, have statewide mask mandates, 7 of which were instated while the state was under a stay-at-home order. This aligns with the results of a \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/17/upshot/coronavirus-face-mask-map.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"New York Times nationwide survey\"), \" \", \"[\", \"10], which qualitatively asked individuals about their mask-wearing preferences, and found that \\u201CPlaces that have experienced a lot of coronavirus, with a few exceptions, show higher-than-usual rates of masking.\\u201D\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This same article concludes, \\u201CIn parts of the country without a lot of cases, there are still wide variations in mask use that appear to be driven more by local custom and partisan identification than by specific disease risk. If coronavirus cases end up climbing in those areas, too, masks may start appearing on many more faces.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"As with everything surrounding the collective status of the United States and COVID-19, looking not only at statewide mask mandates but also at statewide reopening policies, we\\u2019ll have to see how everything plays out.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"sources\"\n  }, \"Sources\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"1] Lee, Jasmine C., et al. \\u201CSee How All 50 States Are Reopening (and Closing Again).\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 25 Apr. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-map-coronavirus.html\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"2] Elassar, Alaa. \\u201CThis Is Where All 50 States Stand on Reopening.\\u201D CNN, Cable News Network, 26 Apr. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-coronavirus-trnd/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.cnn.com/interactive/2020/us/states-reopen-coronavirus-trnd/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"3] Gerhart, Ann. \\u201CWhere States Reopened and Cases Spiked after the U.S. Shutdown.\\u201D The Washington Post, WP Company, 20 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/states-reopening-coronavirus-map/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/states-reopening-coronavirus-map/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"4] Kim, Allen, et al. \\u201CThese Are the States Requiring People to Wear Masks When out in Public.\\u201D CNN, Cable News Network, 22 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/states-face-mask-coronavirus-trnd/index.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.cnn.com/2020/06/19/us/states-face-mask-coronavirus-trnd/index.html\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"5] Stokes EK, Zambrano LD, Anderson KN, et al. Coronavirus Disease 2019 Case Surveillance \\u2014 United States, January 22\\u2013May 30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:759\\u2013765. DOI:\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6924e2\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"6] Goodnough, Abby, and Knvul Sheikh. \\u201CC.D.C. Weighs Advising Everyone to Wear a Mask.\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 31 Mar. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/health/cdc-masks-coronavirus.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/health/cdc-masks-coronavirus.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"7] \\u201CSurgeon General Explains Evolution of CDC Face Mask Guidance.\\u201D MSNBC, NBCUniversal News Group, 3 Apr. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/surgeon-general-explains-evolution-of-cdc-face-mask-guidance-81619013687\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/surgeon-general-explains-evolution-of-cdc-face-mask-guidance-81619013687\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"8] Baker, Peter. \\u201CTrump, in a Shift, Endorses Masks and Says Virus Will Get Worse.\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 22 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-masks.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-masks.html?action=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article\"), \".\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"9] National Center for Health Statistics. \\u201CProvisional COVID-19 Death Counts by Week Ending Date and State.\\u201D Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Week-Ending-D/r8kw-7aab\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Week-Ending-D/r8kw-7aab.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"[\", \"10] Katz, Josh, et al. \\u201CA Detailed Map of Who Is Wearing Masks in the U.S.\\u201D The New York Times, The New York Times, 17 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/17/upshot/coronavirus-face-mask-map.html?action=click&module=Top%2BStories&pgtype=Homepage\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/17/upshot/coronavirus-face-mask-map.html?action=click&module=Top%2BStories&pgtype=Homepage\"), \".\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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In the article, Sean Collins…","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"The anger behind the Nairobi protests, explained in 4 charts\",\n  \"author\": \"Civic Data Design Lab\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-17T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"tags\": [\"Visualization\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On the first of June, Vox released an article called \\u201CThe anger behind the protests, explained in 4 charts\\u201D. In the article, Sean Collins uses data visualizations to explain the landscape of police violence in the United States, a structural issue that has come to the surface most recently due to the murder of George Floyd on the 25th of May. The author states \\u201Cprotests have continued night after night because they are not just about that single killing but what it represents: rampant police brutality that seems to have no consequences\\u201D (Collins 2020). Reading this article got me thinking about the parallels in Nairobi, Kenya, where recent protests have mirrored those happening in the United States.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This article explores the anger behind the protests in Nairobi, looking into some of the dynamics of police violence through four charts. You will notice that this story looks quite a bit different to the sleek digital visualizations that we create at the CDDL. I have always been amazed by data humanism, particularly the hand-drawn visualizations of Mona Chalabi and Giorgia Lupi, and my hope is that the hand drawn charts convey both the urgency of the situation and its deeply human impact.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On the 8th of June in Mathare, one of Nairobi\\u2019s informal settlements, over 200 protesters marched with signs reading \\u201CStop Killer Cops\\u201D and \\u201COur Lives Matter\\u201D, and images of mothers of victims of police violence kneeling in front of Mathare Social Justice Centre draw scary parallels to what is going on in the United States. While many people in the United States see the coronavirus and police violence protests as separate crises, in Nairobi the two crises and their responses have been deeply entwined.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Where Coronavirus and Police Violence Collide\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The Kenyan government was quick to respond to the Coronavirus outbreak, implementing a lockdown and strict curfew starting from 27th March 2020. This curfew has been enforced intensely and with violence in many forms. At police checkpoints strategically placed on many roads key to people\\u2019s daily commutes between the center city and its outskirts, workers were met with violence:\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Thousands joined long queues at bus stations that extended beyond the 7pm cut-off time as matatus \\u2013 observing new guidelines \\u2013 were ferrying at about 50 per cent capacity\\u2026.As they braved the delays and queues, police officers on the other end were arming themselves with clubs and whips \\u2013 generally preparing themselves for violence (in Daily Nation 2020).\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Tear gas was employed to dispel crowds and protesters both in Nairobi and Mombasa. In addition, state actors carrying out forced evictions in Kariobangi settlement have left 5,000 citizens newly homeless and at higher risk for contracting COVID-19 (Bhalla 2020). Then, we began to hear how citizens accused of breaking curfew were beaten and killed. Over 15 people were murdered by police since the start of the curfew, including 13-year-old boy Yassin Hussein Moyo, who was shot by a police bullet while standing on his apartment balcony in late March. As the Nation reports, \\u201Cthe indiscriminate violence on men, women and children was shocking in its brutality and complete disregard for liberties\\u201D (Daily Nation 2020). #NoJusticeNoPeace and #ICan\\u2019tBreathe were themes that arose in Nairobi too, and activist groups including the Mathare Social Justice Centre have led protests to bring these issues to a national and global view.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"The Graphics\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"One\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1731px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.0577700751011%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABQAAAAUCAIAAAAC64paAAAACXBIWXMAAAsSAAALEgHS3X78AAAB1UlEQVQ4y52TSW7bQBBFeYsIzll0gHgT+AoOkOQKPoIFxGt74WX2GYwscgZS2gQCZMmaJ1ISSXEeRCuPbKMh2SIguyC0Pqvq96+urla2R9rjY/7bN2X7KtvfQilPyw2QBmHseJFps2ZJWqqcpmkcx4IpneHKCs11ZDveeO5N9Nhxpfge2fM80zSzLPN9H2Dbdq6+yR5+/DW0f/nuYbQr/lw5CAKAruv9fj+KosD3+fx5eq5e3gCy9FDZucBmQ81+kY2NRqNarRaFIfju7Gvj6raUvFgshsMhTJTFgTVNq7yr+K4H/v3xS/3bIbJI5YSDwSAoTHgajcb7kxNBvisji7/VajWdTneV6/V6pXKcMn2eTCZJksgzH0WWDRPdfgtZXpUk5w2D7OXkXx8+aWVXJSeRsmm767oAVVWr1epCN5Lt9s/nC/X6O2Bt2Y7jkCDylbLBfoklYASflJkNWoUgBQNms9l8Prcsi+ZzBePxGGf7/n65XBJiFhg+PERzMtvAxEUxeEUSfFYyWq0WUZzswsp28AEkP5VNoNPpGIZBAFqz2eSTjHa7LYYHDvvi7PV63W6XnANXdfCoz573LlbkS6SNqK0LA/Meqc0ujASwCLmF0SmI/wGHXF7/aJPM8QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d664b7fac43f95163d919596f00b8b75/f7d4b/cddl_blogpost_0713-01.webp 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d664b7fac43f95163d919596f00b8b75/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-01.png 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/d664b7fac43f95163d919596f00b8b75/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-01.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 01\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 01\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CThey have killed us more than corona,\\u201D a protester from the 8th June in Mathare, said simply. This straightforward quote inspired the first graphic. As of the end of May, the statistics showed that 101 people had been killed by police and 71 people killed by COVID-19. As we move past the initial curfew, the COVID-19 cases have risen rapidly to overtake this number, however police murder persists.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Two\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1730px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.11560693641619%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/70393c9f50924da229aa08517d8d0b3f/8315d/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.webp 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/70393c9f50924da229aa08517d8d0b3f/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.png 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/70393c9f50924da229aa08517d8d0b3f/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-03.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 03\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 03\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The initial curfew went from 7pm to 5am, with some reports of police enforcement of the curfew even before the clock hit seven. The example I have taken is the work schedule of a matatu driver or housekeeper who, like many workers across the city, leaves before dawn and works until late because they must commute multiple hours a day in Nairobi traffic. This leaves more than three hours where workers traveling to and from their workplaces were vulnerable to severe violence and at times murder at the hands of the police. As of the 7th of June, the curfew has since been extended 21 days but relaxed to 9pm to 4am, allowing more time for free movement.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Three\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1730px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.11560693641619%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/606acd2e4d378fc583bafaf77a31306c/8315d/cddl_blogpost_0713-02.webp 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/606acd2e4d378fc583bafaf77a31306c/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-02.png 1730w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1730px) 100vw, 1730px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/606acd2e4d378fc583bafaf77a31306c/205df/cddl_blogpost_0713-02.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 02\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 02\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"According to GAN Business Anti-Corruption portal, three out of four Kenyans consider most or all police officers as corrupt (GCB 2015). This graphic points to larger issues with police conduct in Nairobi: these include ubiquitous bribery, extortion especially of Somalis, and brutality toward often innocent citizens. Corrupt police officers are rarely arrested or prosecuted for corruption crimes (HRR 2016).\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Four\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"1731px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"100.0577700751011%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/55eb58517e5ad22ec4290860df3bbfed/f7d4b/cddl_blogpost_0713-04.webp 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/55eb58517e5ad22ec4290860df3bbfed/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-04.png 1731w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 1731px) 100vw, 1731px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/55eb58517e5ad22ec4290860df3bbfed/e19c0/cddl_blogpost_0713-04.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 04\",\n    \"title\": \"cddl blogpost 0713 04\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Police conduct goes further than the reach of their hand. This last visualization is a result of my inner urban planner. Something that we often forget about is how the use of teargas can have a magnified effect on high-density residential areas including informal communities like Kibera settlement in Nairobi. If teargas is released in Kibera, its 300m radius means that the teargas could reach more than 300 buildings, compromising the health of countless residents of the areas surrounding the location where the teargas was released.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"What This Means\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"It is my hope that the graphics, along with the articles quoted, speak for themselves. However, in closing, it is important to emphasize that the situation reveals to us unlikely parallels in police brutality between the United States and Kenya. It shows us the global nature of this issue, and how police were created to support existing power structures rooted in colonialism and white supremacy. This situation is also a call for urgent innovation in Coronavirus prevention. Informal settlements, often highly dense, are doubly vulnerable- not only to the disease but also to the loss of income resulting from curfews. In the United States and in Kenya, we need to start thinking of prevention measures that protect both people\\u2019s livelihoods and their lives.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"You can read more about police brutality in Kenya at Mathare Social Justice Centre, Kenyan newspaper The Daily Nation, Citizen TV, and through Human Rights Watch.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"References\")), mdx(\"ul\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Bhalla, Nita. \\u201CForced Evictions Leave 5,000 Kenyan Slum Dwellers at Risk of Coronavirus.\\u201DReuters, Thomson Reuters, 6 May 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-kenya-homelessness/forced-evictions-leave-5000-kenyan-slum-dwellers-at-risk-of-coronavirus-idUSKBN22I1VC\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-kenya-homelessness/forced-evictions-leave-5000-kenyan-slum-dwellers-at-risk-of-coronavirus-idUSKBN22I1VC\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Collins, Sean. \\u201CThe Anger behind the Protests, Explained in 4 Charts.\\u201DVox, Vox, 31 May 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.vox.com/2020/5/31/21276004/anger-police-killing-george-floyd-protests\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.vox.com/2020/5/31/21276004/anger-police-killing-george-floyd-protests\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Gan Integrity. \\u201CKenya Corruption Report.\\u201DGAN Integrity, 11 June 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/kenya/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.ganintegrity.com/portal/country-profiles/kenya/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Kahura, Dauti. \\u201CSaba Saba At 30: The Gains We Have Lost.\\u201DThe Elephant, 7 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.theelephant.info/features/2020/07/07/saba-saba-at-30-the-gains-we-have-lost/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.theelephant.info/features/2020/07/07/saba-saba-at-30-the-gains-we-have-lost/\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Kenya Ministry of Health. 2020,Covid-19 Outbreak in Kenya - Situation Report No. 77,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.health.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Kenya-COVID-19-SITREP-077-02-Jun-2020.pdf\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.health.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Kenya-COVID-19-SITREP-077-02-Jun-2020.pdf\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Santiago, Maria M. Mur. \\u201CLiving with Tear Gas, the Other Face of Chile\\u2019s Protests.\\u201DWww.efe.com, 17 Nov. 2019,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.efe.com/efe/english/portada/living-with-tear-gas-the-other-face-of-chile-s-protests/50000260-4113001\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.efe.com/efe/english/portada/living-with-tear-gas-the-other-face-of-chile-s-protests/50000260-4113001\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Sperber, Amanda. \\u201C\\u2018They Have Killed Us More than Corona\\u2019: Kenyans Protest against Police Brutality.\\u201DThe Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 9 June 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/09/they-have-killed-us-more-than-corona-kenyans-protest-against-police-brutality\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/09/they-have-killed-us-more-than-corona-kenyans-protest-against-police-brutality\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"The Nation Team Kenyans Brace Brutality as Police Enforce Curfew.\\u201DDaily Nation, 30 Mar. 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/kenyans-brace-brutality-as-police-enforce-curfew-282826\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/kenyans-brace-brutality-as-police-enforce-curfew-282826\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. \\u201CKenya: Information on the July 1990 Riots.\\u201DRefworld,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aac02c.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aac02c.html\"), \".\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ul\"\n  }, \"Wambui, Mary. \\u201CPolice Disrupt Saba Saba Protests in the City.\\u201DDaily Nation, 7 July 2020,\", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"li\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/police-disrupt-saba-saba-protests-in-the-city-1446314\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"www.nation.co.ke/kenya/news/politics/police-disrupt-saba-saba-protests-in-the-city-1446314\"), \".\")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Update from the 7th of July 2020\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"On the seventh of July, another protest took place in Nairobi\\u2019s Central Business District. Kenyans took to the street in the Saba Saba protests against human rights violations in the country. Saba Saba (seven seven in Kiswahili) refers to the 1990 pro-democracy demonstrations held throughout Kenya. At the time, over 6,000 people demonstrated against the detention of two cabinet ministers without trial, which reflected a larger blockage of political voice for citizens. The demonstrations called for the restoration of the multiparty system after leaders had called for it in May 1990. Then-President Daniel Arap Moi deployed the General Service Unit (GSU, the Kenyan paramilitary police) troops and used violence against protesters, killing over 20 people and leaving 1,000 in jail after the four days of confrontations (The Elephant 2020).\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This year\\u2019s protests celebrated the 30th anniversary of Saba Saba, and they came in the wake of recent cases of police violence. Protesters were met with heavy security presence including teargas and arrests. Protesters carried the message against police violence through chants and placards with messages like \\u201CStop Promoting Police Deviance\\u201D, \\u201CStop Killer Cops\\u201D and \\u201CCorruption is as Bad as Colonialism\\u201D (The Nation 2020). Over 20 demonstrators were arrested, and the Social Justice Working Group and its community group members continue to organize for sponsoring bail funds and working against police violence in Nairobi.\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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