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","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"H2A: Seeing Sketchiness in Data\",\n  \"author\": \"Evan Denmark\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-08-22T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"excerpt\": \"In part two, we examine how the missing data associated with H2A hints at potentially nefarious behavior. \",\n  \"tags\": [\"Economy\", \"Data\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/totalinstances.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The H2A Visa program has become \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://blog.civicdatadesignlab.mit.edu/america's-essential-yet-unknown-program:-h2a\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"increasingly essential\"), \" to the American food supply chain. Since 2012, the number of participating farms, visa applications, worker hours, and total expense of the program have risen significantly. However, it hasn\\u2019t all been good. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CWith the explosion in usage of the H2A program \\u2026 we\\u2019ve seen the abuse of the program grow,\\u201D said Caitlin Ryland, the Supervising Attorney at the Legal Aid of North Carolina, a nonprofit law firm dedicated to equal access to justice for low income workers.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Farmers employing foreign workers through the H2A program must abide by strict \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/agriculture\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"labor laws\"), \" to ensure that their workers are treated fairly and paid appropriately. However, \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/kenbensinger/the-pushovers\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"recent reports\"), \" have shown the potential for worker abuse in the H2A program. Inspired by these multiple reports, we decided to investigate the data surrounding the violations in the H2A program.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"According to the US Department of Labor (DOL) Wage and Hour Division\\u2019s public data on enforcement, the number of federal H2A violations has dramatically increased in the past two decades. H2A violations may include improper housing requirements, poor working conditions, or improper payment of workers. The data displayed in the graph below shows the number of H2A violations since 2000. In this data, a list of farms that have violated H2A policy, the number of violations per investigation, and the duration of the violations are all provided.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"src\": \"https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/0ARiQGoswpnFFuxDilxkwkZzERn3aVo5136q60ljyl3PmjE3K2w6-Ur-3e2akwff0eHQmp7eQ80LNApi5MgIM4oDAHQ_I-o7ouPNSWJ-TYK-XG9A9jWJCbTM0nAvQgztjkdrep4y\",\n    \"alt\": null\n  })), mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Data provided by the US Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division\\u2019s WHISARD data, updated in July 2020.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This increase in violations comes from an increased reporting of violations in addition to a lack of government oversight of the program.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CMost of \", \"[\", \"DOL\\u2019s] inspections are complaint driven,\\u201D says Ryland, which means that many farms may be committing H2A violations that are not represented in the data.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Despite the growth of the program, the multiple agencies that enforce the H2A laws are significantly lacking. According to Ryland, the North Carolina Department of Labor has only \\u201Cfive or six inspectors for about two thousand labor camp sites.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"To make matters even more complicated, Rylands believes that during COVID, they\\u2019re not \\u201Cdoing any onsite investigations.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Notably, the data displayed shows a significant decrease in violations in recent years. One possible reason is that it can take time to investigate and confirm a set of violations. Ryland said that workers \\u201Ctypically don\\u2019t learn about the results of their complaint for about a two year period,\\u201D which renders the visualization incomplete.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The lack of government oversight also points to serious questions in the H2A application procedure. In addition to the violation enforcement data, the Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration also publishes the H2A visa applications of each farm. By combining these two datasets, there are some jarring artifacts.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"For example, Lewis M. Bailey IV Farms, a Mississippi potato grower, had a total of 180 accepted visa applications in early 2019 to work the fields until November. However, by the end of June, the DOL confirmed 178 violations on the Bailey Farm, resulting in over $325,000 in worker backwages (i.e. over 1 month of pay for 178 workers).\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Despite a violation of this magnitude, the DOL approved 230 H2A applications to the Bailey Farm for the August to November harvest on July 9 - only three weeks after the end of the major violation.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Although the data cannot tell us the full story, it does point to potentially glaring missteps by the Department of Labor. The fact that a farm like Bailey Farm can be approved even after a large violation questions forces us to not only question the DOL\\u2019s application process but also to wonder how farms respond to violations. That is, after a violation, do farms respect the authority of the DOL?\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Of all of the farms who applied for H2A applications in 2019, 2.25% had previously violated H2A policy. With this in mind, we wondered if farms who had previously violated H2A policy tended to violate again. As shown in the below graph, we examined the recidivism - the tendency to reoffend - of farms who have broken H2A protocols at least three times in the last two decades.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"src\": \"https://lh4.googleusercontent.com/bqpd3z76Dk0tV2ZlocL9GYSUW_LcmuUu5b0g7mL5B2dQcbZkAst-QU2rqzPlGlwoKgwYXFdedXcZ2Fz2MDI3m8FYQ_JzSNTxCx23rMlM37b12y8dHCIHs-tjusoDfylKm3FZcp2l\",\n    \"alt\": null\n  }))), mdx(\"p\", null, \"From this data, those multi-violating offenders tended to not offend nearly as bad as before.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In addition to potentially sketchy farms, some law firms (who are contracted by farms to apply for H2A visas) stick out as outliers when examining their rates of violation. For example, over 35% of the nearly 4,000 visas applied for by Farmer, Farmer, & Brown PLLC - a firm based out of Georgia - were contracted by farms who had previously violated H2A policy. Why is is that some law firms are associated with this sketchy behavior? \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"As with many data projects, the data is only a single source and in order to understand the full story, deeper investigations must be done. However, these initial investigations show that data can hint at a larger behavior, including a lack of government oversight, a lack of violation reporting, and potentially nefarious behavior by both farms and law firms.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"What is evident, however, is the amount of missing data within this realm, and because of the magnitude of it, it can be difficult to grasp the scale of the worker abuse problem by the data alone.\"));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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","canonical_url":null,"subscription":true,"body":"function _extends() { _extends = Object.assign || function (target) { for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; i++) { var source = arguments[i]; for (var key in source) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(source, key)) { target[key] = source[key]; } } } return target; }; return _extends.apply(this, arguments); }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutProperties(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded); var key, i; if (Object.getOwnPropertySymbols) { var sourceSymbolKeys = Object.getOwnPropertySymbols(source); for (i = 0; i < sourceSymbolKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceSymbolKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(source, key)) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } } return target; }\n\nfunction _objectWithoutPropertiesLoose(source, excluded) { if (source == null) return {}; var target = {}; var sourceKeys = Object.keys(source); var key, i; for (i = 0; i < sourceKeys.length; i++) { key = sourceKeys[i]; if (excluded.indexOf(key) >= 0) continue; target[key] = source[key]; } return target; }\n\n/* @jsx mdx */\nvar _frontmatter = {\n  \"title\": \"H2A: America's Essential yet Unknown Program\",\n  \"author\": \"Evan Denmark\",\n  \"date\": \"2020-07-31T00:00:00.000Z\",\n  \"excerpt\": \"The first of many posts that dig into America's H2A visa program, how our food supply chain depends on it, and how data can show its potential flaws, especially in the midst of a pandemic.   \",\n  \"tags\": [\"Covid\", \"Visualization\", \"Economy\"],\n  \"hero\": \"images/screen-shot-2020-07-28-at-10.16.52-am.png\"\n};\n\nvar makeShortcode = function makeShortcode(name) {\n  return function MDXDefaultShortcode(props) {\n    console.warn(\"Component \" + name + \" was not imported, exported, or provided by MDXProvider as global scope\");\n    return mdx(\"div\", props);\n  };\n};\n\nvar layoutProps = {\n  _frontmatter: _frontmatter\n};\nvar MDXLayout = \"wrapper\";\nreturn function MDXContent(_ref) {\n  var components = _ref.components,\n      props = _objectWithoutProperties(_ref, [\"components\"]);\n\n  return mdx(MDXLayout, _extends({}, layoutProps, props, {\n    components: components,\n    mdxType: \"MDXLayout\"\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The Mississippi sweet potato planting season recently came to a close. Mike Williamson, a farmer of Williamson Family Farms in Water Valley, Mississippi, only hopes that all he\\u2019ll have the workforce to harvest those crops come October. \"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CI\\u2019m not one hundred percent sure that my amigos will be here in the fall. If not, I\\u2019ll be out of business,\\u201D Williamson said.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The \\u201Camigos\\u201D he refers to are his farm workers from Mexico, specifically those who were issued H2A visas\\u2014one of the only visas that has not been suspended per a \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/proclamation-suspending-entry-aliens-present-risk-u-s-labor-market-following-coronavirus-outbreak/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"June 22 Presidential Proclamation\"), \" because it is \\u201Cessential to the food supply chain.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"For the last seven years, Williamson has hired H2A visa workers to plant and harvest his crop. This year, he requested 28 workers, but due to personal fears of COVID-19, only 25 made the trip. Fortunately for Williamson, all of his workers are in the 90% of visa holders who have previously held an H2A visa, which means that their visa processing time was streamlined.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"In a pre-pandemic time, H2A visa applicants - 92% of whom are from Mexico - would undergo a personal interview at a US Consulate to get their visa approved. This year, the Department of State gave Consulates the option to \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/News/visas-news/important-announcement-on-h2-visas.html\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"cancel the interview\"), \" for both new and returning visa applicants on March 26.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"However, of the 10% of applicants who are new to H2A, up to \\u201Cforty percent\\u201D of applications could be put on hold, according to Todd Miller of Head Honchos LLC, the San Antonio-based \\u201Cseasonal labor processing work permit specialist\\u201D firm hired by Williamson to recruit workers and navigate the complex visa process.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"\\u201CWhen the Consulate finally opens up, it\\u2019s going to take 100 years to talk to \", \"[\", \"applicants] and get them visas,\\u201D Miller said with hyperbole.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Because of the lack of interviews, Miller said that if there is anything imperfect about an application, it could be put on hold. However, as he noted, \\u201Cthere is no hard rule that \", \"[\", \"applications] have to be held back\\u201D because \\u201Cit depends on the Consulate staff.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"A world with COVID-19 is also presenting financial obstacles for farmers. Allen Robison, an apple and cherry farmer in Chelan, Washington, said that he is taking daily temperatures of his employees and spending \\u201Cthousands of dollars\\u201D to buy masks and other personal protective equipment.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Despite the logistical hurdles and financial expense caused by the pandemic, the US Department of State and farmers across America are making sure that most H2A visa applicants are able to make it to their final destination. Their efforts speak to the fact that the H2A program is increasingly essential to America\\u2019s food supply chain.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"H2A visa holders carried 9% of the country\\u2019s agricultural labor budget in 2019, a number that is up from 6% in 2016 and that has been steadily growing in the past decade.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Created in 1952 (and modified in 1986), the H2A program allows US-based farmers and agricultural firms to hire foreign workers when \\u201Cthere are not sufficient \", \"[\", \"American] workers who are able, willing, qualified, and available, and that the employment of aliens will not adversely affect the wages and working conditions of workers similarly employed in the U.S.\\u201D\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Despite posting the positions in newspapers and on job boards in multiple states, Mike Williamson said that he has not received \\u201Ca single American application\\u201D in the last seven years.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Without an American agriculture workforce, the demand for visa-issued foreign workers has increased but comes at no small expense for farmers. 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Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, “Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics\\\"Source: \",\n    \"title\": \"The H2A program has dramatically increased during both Obama and Trump's tenure in the White House. Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, “Nonimmigrant Visa Statistics\\\"Source: \",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Since 2016 (the year when the US DOL began producing data with consistent formatting), the labor costs of the H2A program have increased by 66% due to a rise in the amount of labor being performed and significant increases in the \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"http://www.mobilefarmware.com/support/wams/aewr/\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"adverse wage\"), \" - a state-by-state minimum wage to ensure that guest worker wages will not depress the wages of domestic workers in similar occupations. In some states, like Washington, the adverse wage has increased by 24% since 2016.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Additionally, while the number of farms participating in H2A increased by 28%, the total person-hours done by H2A workers increased by 43% and the number of certified jobs by 45%, indicating both that new farms began participating in the program and that returning farms required more farm labor.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-wrapper\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"display\": \"block\",\n      \"marginLeft\": \"auto\",\n      \"marginRight\": \"auto\",\n      \"maxWidth\": \"3031px\"\n    }\n  }), \"\\n      \", mdx(\"span\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-background-image\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"paddingBottom\": \"64.88%\",\n      \"position\": \"relative\",\n      \"bottom\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\",\n      \"backgroundImage\": \"url('data:image/png;base64,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')\",\n      \"backgroundSize\": \"cover\",\n      \"display\": \"block\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n  \", mdx(\"picture\", {\n    parentName: \"span\"\n  }, \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/a3bc4/2016v2020.webp 2500w\", \"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/f2528/2016v2020.webp 3031w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3031px) 100vw, 3031px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/webp\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"source\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"srcSet\": [\"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/412e4/2016v2020.png 2500w\", \"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/6fab7/2016v2020.png 3031w\"],\n    \"sizes\": \"(max-width: 3031px) 100vw, 3031px\",\n    \"type\": \"image/png\"\n  })), \"\\n        \", mdx(\"img\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"picture\"\n  }, {\n    \"className\": \"gatsby-resp-image-image\",\n    \"src\": \"/static/d1ad5efd2efeae49433a0e27dbdd71c6/6fab7/2016v2020.png\",\n    \"alt\": \"Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, “H2A Disclosure Data” for years 2016-2019\",\n    \"title\": \"Source:  U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, “H2A Disclosure Data” for years 2016-2019\",\n    \"loading\": \"lazy\",\n    \"style\": {\n      \"width\": \"100%\",\n      \"height\": \"100%\",\n      \"margin\": \"0\",\n      \"verticalAlign\": \"middle\",\n      \"position\": \"absolute\",\n      \"top\": \"0\",\n      \"left\": \"0\"\n    }\n  })), \"\\n      \"), \"\\n    \")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The use and expense of the H2A program have been steadily increasing, yet most Americans are completely unaware of its existence. Our food is the foundation of our health as individuals and, by extension, our society. Without an understanding of the farm to table process, the American food supply chain and agricultural economy at large becomes less resilient to obstacles\\u2026 like a pandemic.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Thus, this post is the first of many CDDL posts which will explore the H2A visa program, its value in America\\u2019s supply chain, and its \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://www.nbcnews.com/specials/h2a-visa-program-for-farmworkers-surging-under-trump-and-labor-violations/index.html?fbclid=IwAR30iL0RLxMBpUfQzh-b4d_Qeu-x_R6rERytYMGeEuG-J6OfR1pvFJ0_7HY\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"failures\"), \" through both data visualizations and extensive interviews to bring our readers and Americans at large a little bit closer to the food they eat.\"), mdx(\"h2\", {\n    \"id\": \"h2a-visually\"\n  }, \"H2A, Visually\"), mdx(\"iframe\", {\n    src: \"https://public.tableau.com/shared/8YXPTJFYZ?:display_count=y&:origin=viz_share_link:showVizHome=no&:embed=true\",\n    width: \"100%\",\n    height: \"600\",\n    allowFullScreen: true\n  }), mdx(\"p\", null, \"This \", mdx(\"a\", _extends({\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, {\n    \"href\": \"https://public.tableau.com/views/TheCurrentStateofH2A/Story1?:language=en&:display_count=y&publish=yes&:origin=viz_share_link\",\n    \"target\": \"_blank\",\n    \"rel\": \"noreferrer\"\n  }), \"visualization\"), \" is a Tableau storyboard that highlights some of the basics about the H2A program: where workers are employed by county, which states use the H2A program, and which crops are most affected by H2A.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"All of the data used in this graphic come from the US Department of Labor\\u2019s Employment and Training Administration\\u2019s published dataset on H2A visa applications for the years 2016-2019.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The map,  \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Where do H2A visa workers go?\"), \", shows where H2A jobs are being taken in each county in the US. If a county has H2A activity, the size of the circle represents the number of certified H2A jobs in 2019. It is worth noting that this does not show the number of workers going to each county but rather the number of jobs that were given to an H2A visa holder. Although the two may correlate, a single H2A visa holder may have multiple jobs (potentially on the same farm) at different points in the year. Mike Williamson - the Mississippi sweet potato farmer - hires the same 28 workers in May to plant the crop and in September to pick the harvest. For these 28 workers, these are two separate jobs. In the summer months between the jobs, the workers must leave the US.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"The second visualization, \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Which states use H2A?\"), \", shows the amount of H2A labor required in each state in 2019. Each visa application contains the job start and end date as well as the expected number of hours worked per week, so this was used to calculate the total number of person-hours required for each state. Interestingly, the top five states - North Carolina, Washington, Florida, California, and Georgia - make up 51% of the entire labor in the country.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Lastly, in \", mdx(\"em\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Which crops are affected by H2A?\"), \", the size of each bubble corresponds to the number of person-hours spent on a given crop in each state. By default, the visualization shows data for the entire country but the state can be adjusted in the dropdown. On each visa application, a farmer must specify the job function or primary crop for the job. Many farmers often put \\u201CGeneral Farm Worker.\\u201D However, the most popular crop for H2A visa holders is tobacco, a crop that supports a large industry but also requires intensive manual labor. It is interesting to see that other crops like corn - America\\u2019s largest crop by total production - require much less H2A labor because harvesting is aided by machinery and, thus, requires fewer person-hours. Therefore, the number of person-hours dedicated to a particular crop is a function of the size of the industryandhow much individual attention is required for crop production.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Sources\"), mdx(\"ol\", null, mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"U.S. Department of Labor, Employment and Training Administration, \\u201CH2A Disclosure Data\\u201D for years 2016-2019\"), mdx(\"li\", {\n    parentName: \"ol\"\n  }, \"U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Consular Affairs, \\u201CNonimmigrant Visa Statistics\\u201D\")));\n}\n;\nMDXContent.isMDXComponent = 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Throughout the summer and beyond, we will have lab members as well as external experts contribute to projects that highlight missing data. This summer, we have four current and recent undergraduate students developing their own projects and we\\u2019ve asked them to introduce themselves and their summer goals.\")), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Joyce Zhao\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Hi it\\u2019s Joyce! I just graduated from Wellesley College, and I\\u2019m looking forward to working with the CDDL this summer. I\\u2019ve been examining the intersections of housing insecurity, gentrification, and COVID-19 within the city of San Francisco, California. Despite a moratorium, eviction notices are still being filed, prompting me to wonder who is still at risk of eviction, where these evictions occur, and how the city responds in the midst of a pandemic. From initial observations, it\\u2019s clear that some neighborhoods in San Francisco have been hit harder by COVID-19 than others. In this project, I hope to use data to spark conversations and raise questions about the relationship between COVID-19 and housing injustice, as well as engage with work done by advocacy groups and organizers in San Francisco.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Brian Williams\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Hey! I\\u2019m an aspiring protein engineer, who\\u2019s actively looking for ways to uplift marginalized communities everywhere. I am a rising junior at MIT, majoring in Biological Engineering and minoring in Black Studies, and am looking forward to working in the Civic Data Design Lab this summer! So far, I have been analyzing and visualizing data reports on racial and ethnic data tied to COVID-19 test results and related deaths. In this project, I\\u2019m hoping to explain the confusing (and not so surprising) trends in the data and shed light on the reasons why discrepancies exist between states when reporting race in COVID-19 tests and deaths. Why is there missing data here, and what does this tell us? About testing strategies? About practicality? About policy?\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"I am passionate about understanding how policy decisions drive economic and social change. As an avid creative, I love to model and write poetry, and I play varsity baseball at MIT.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Amy Fang\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"I graduated from MIT in 2020, majoring in Mechanical Engineering and minoring in Anthropology and Design. In my semester, I took my first urban planning class,11.158 Behavior and Policy: Connections in Transportation, which has catalyzed a newfound fascination for all things behaviorally irrational (yet undeniably human) and excessively complicated. During this time, I became engaged to NUMTOT in a whirlwind romance, who helped her expose the inequitable safety misperceptions of shared micromobility.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Today, I fulfill my insatiable hunger for urban planning through mouthwatering memes, palatable PDF readings from classes I will never take, and spicy opportunities like the Missing Data Project. My first project investigates contradictory policies on the county, state, and national levels, specifically in the realm of everyday COVID-19 public safety practices. Just like my \\u201Cmissing\\u201D data sources, she thrives in ambiguity.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, mdx(\"strong\", {\n    parentName: \"p\"\n  }, \"Yu Jing Chen\")), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Hi! I\\u2019m a rising junior at MIT studying 11-6 (Urban Studies and Planning with Computer Science) and considering a minor in Entrepreneurship and Innovation!On campus, I can be found pretty much everywhere\\u2014 I\\u2019m beyond grateful to have found community in various corners of campus, all the while forging space and platforms to empower those that are traditionally unheard across campus.\"), mdx(\"p\", null, \"Regarding my project, if there\\u2019s one thing to know about COVID-19, it\\u2019s that it does not discriminate. Yet when looking at the statistics, the numbers seem to tell a different story. For indigenous communities, COVID-19 has become all too familiar, with Navajo Nation surpassing New York\\u2014once the epicenter of the pandemic\\u2014in positive per-capita cases. Through this project, I hope to dive into the different reasons why this is the case and mapping out the reality in order to read into the disparities that exist. 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